AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRIVATIZATION ON THE NIGERIA ECONOMY (A CASE STUDY OF POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA)

This research project was carried out in order to find the fort of privatization of public sector on the Nigeria economy. PHCN was chosen as the case study. To that effect, two hypotheses were postulated to be tested so as to accept or reject. They are: the privatization and commercialization have improved the efficiency of the public sector. As such that privatization and commercialization is not responsible for the improved efficiency of the public sector. Data for this research was obtained from primary and secondary sources, and the findings of this research were therefore based on the questionnaires returned. The percentage method of analyzing data was used to analyse the data gathered. Judging from the response and analysing of interview and findings on the researcher recommended that privatization has boosted the efficiency of the public sector and that prove the first hypothesis.

The classic concept of privatization denotes movement from collective or public actions to private control. It may be seen as the process of converting a publicity operated enterprise into privately own and operated entity. When an entity is privatise shares formerly owned by the government, as well as management control are sold to member of the public. Privatisation may also involve the withdrawal of the state from providing a service directly to the public in favour of the private sector. Privatization so understood, is thus a subject of economy liberalization. The major objective of trade liberalization and privatization is to ensure that barriers to economic development are removed.

It also includes the efficient running of enterprise and provision of better services to customers and consequently improvement in the standard of living of the populace.
Privatization is also defined as the transfer for all part of a government investment over to the private sector. This transfer involves both sales of shares and assets.
Originally, privatization was a feature of development countries; they adopt privatization as more at a political policy rather than a economic policy.
    The belief was that the private sector was more effective and efficient in management of asset industries, therefore, the government decides to handover the companies and asset it owns and manage over to the private sector which with its profit oriented motive was expected to perform better in running those companies and asset and hence contribute more economic development of the nation, one this is successful they believed the consolidated with time however, the economic aspect of privatization has dominated the political aspect and today adopted as a major economic reform policy.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IN PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF STEYR NIGERIA LIMITED BAUCHI)

The Research work focuses on the topic “An Assessment of the Impact of Communication as a Tool for Effective Management in Private Organization.” This research work aims at finding how communication contribute to the achievement of corporate objectives, and to appraise, analyze, evaluate different forms of organizational communication and also to suggest ways of solving communication problems. In other to achieve these objectives, both primary and secondary data where used to obtain the relevant information. The population for the study was 225 staff and 50 staff was used as sample size. The data collected were analyzed using the simple percentage, method of data analysis. From the analysis carried out, the finding revealed that communication is a tool for effective management in an organization. It also shows that organization use more of formal rather than informal channel of communication. Therefore based on the findings the researchers recommended that communication in an organization should be sustained and management should seek to develop a flexible network of communication other than the formal system. This network can be tagged informal.    

Effective communication in organization involves a commitment from the top-down to communicate effectively. Organization that communicate effectively expect strong communication from managers to employees, provide training and coaching to managers to help build their communication skills, have ample communication tools for use by managers and employees and measure the effectiveness of their communication efforts. Therefore communication is the transfer of information and knowledge from one person to another. It is the means of unifying organization activities. Communication is said to be very vital tool of management function, infact, the live wire of very business organization. It is the means by which behavior is modified, change is affected, information is made productive and goals are achieved. An effective communication system is a pre-requisite for employee’s participation in decision that affects them, without communication capabilities, manageable directions changed policies; processed information could not be transmitted to the affected person. It seems that if an individual can speak, read or write the organization assumes he can communicate.

But communication is not just reading writing or speaking; rather it is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another, it should be beared  in mind that communication also takes place between organizations, industries, section etc. and not only between people. It is therefore understandable  to say that communication is the means and process through which information is convey between people and organizations using previously agreed symbols.

AN APPRAISAL OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN BANING INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECTS ON BANKS PROFITABILITY

In an evolving Nigeria banking industry, strategies are being adopted by the major players in order to achieve their long term organizational goals profitability and survival. In the light of this belief, much emphasis is being laid on the computerization of their banking operation within the last decade. The Nigerian banking industry has been at the forefront of computerization. This is with the aim of improving their information system, delivery of efficient and high quality service to their customers.
In the advent of the computerization, old generation banks in the industry were force to wake up from their slumber  and face reality. The new generation banks came into the industry with innovation research and development in order to push these less competent old once out of business. The revolution was aided by computerization. It is very pertinent to state that computerization is very powerful weapon which can be employed to annihilate competitors. The Nigerian banking sector industry ensure that their data base is updated as at when due. With the 2004 banking reform in Nigeria, the industry has pertinently remained vibrant.

The overall aim of this sanitation effort by professor Charles Chukwuma Soludo was to achieve some macroeconomic objectives, which include the following:

a.    To create a world of banking group through mergers and acquisition aimed at avoiding bank distress.
b.    To consolidate Nigerian banks to manage the country’s external reserve deposited in foreign banks.
c.    To ensure that there is zero tolerance in the regulatory framework

According to Rob Wing (1996) “when a specialist discuss computerization and work, they often appeal to strong implicit image about the transformation of work in the last one hundred years and the role for technology has played in some of these  changes”. In view of this, it is quiet imperative to analyze this information in the Nigerian banking industry, and take action to aim at guiding against the problems associated with computerization.

THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF COMPANY INCOME TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

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Every  country  in  the  world  tends  to  generate  income  through  tax administration. In Nigeria the company income tax administration aims and tries to tax each company in the state more effectively. However the level at which the company income tax Administration in Nigeria tend to achieve its desired goals and objectives depends mostly on the tax office and the company that is operating in Abia state.
For  the  tax  Administration  in  Nigeria  to  be  effective  the  aspect  of  the companies been taxed should be considered adequately and more accurately so that the company would provide reliable financial performance information for assessment. In which the federal government derives its income.
Due  to  the  ever  changing  tax  administration  policies  in  the  country  and modifications in the aspect of taxation in Nigeria some companies want to stay afloat and employ all kind of strategies that benefits them. Some of them evade tax and some avoid tax.
When tax in Nigeria is paid by the various companies operating in the state the revenue collected are used to provide utility services and providing additional government services such as in education and transport which are of great importance to the growth of the economy of the state and to the country.



Tax administration in the country is a very important aspect that assist in the provision of revenue to the economy of which the avoidance of tax payment by the companies in the country in general and in Abia state in particular will result to a serious damage to the revenue which should have been generated and used for the provision of infrastructure.
When a company is been taxed by the federal board of inland revenue (FBIR) the company is meant to give an accurate information about their income but some companies go to the extent of forgery in provision of their documents which gives an incorrect information to the board, thereby causing reduction in their tax assessment.
Based on the above observation or trend of this action over time this study set out  to  examine  the  problems  and  prospects  of  the  company  income  tax administration in Nigeria and in Abia state to be precise.

The impact of information technology in accounting system

Before now, business Success was built on the ability to move goods and services with speed and accuracy. Today, information has become the  fuel  that  powers  business  Success  .In  contemporary  Cooperate  world, information technology is deployed to gain competitive edge.

Information technology has been defined as the processing and distribution of data  using  computer  hard  ware,  software,  telecommunication,  and  digital electronic (Encarta Encyclopedia: 2004).

Therefore  it  is  now  obvious  that  computer  component  of  information technology  can  no  longer  stand  alone  without  the  combination  of  other component. However, management planning and control responsibilities are also par amount to a successful enterprise and they represent a mandatory of an Organization  to  progress  and  survive  in  today  highly  unpredictable  and competitive business environment. The projected plan of operation must be decisive and dynamic timely, intelligent planning must be predicated on current known fact and a thorough analysis and realistic approach to inevitable Feature probabilities  .These  key  requirement  for  planning  directions  will  lead  to Business  probability  and  an  equitable  return  on  investment,  which  are  the objective of a successful management.

The Influence of Accountant in the Implementation of best practice

Corruption and looting of public treasury is a major problem in the public sector accounting. Report from office of statistics Lagos show that our accounting records are balanced in arrears and our financial records are hardly balanced daily, weekly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly basis as appropriate. This was evidenced by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo during his first maiden address to the nation immediately he was sworn-in as the President of the federal republic of Nigeria on the 29th  day of May 1999. He stressed that accountability, probity and transparency has suffered a lot set-back especially in the civil service. He therefore suggested that some of the best ways to eliminate this ill in the Nigerian public service are;
The effective use of public accounts;
The use of effective legislation;
The effective implementation of government policies programs; The effective use of auditors of the federal republic of Nigeria among others.

He therefore concluded by saying “when we consider how the public accounting and auditing can grow and develop, we are concerned not only with helping the public accountant or the auditor fill their position, but also with helping the whole  economy and the organizational structure grow and develop” (Obasanjo). The concept  should  therefore  make  it  wise  for  us  to  look  more  closely  at  the relationship between Nigeria and other countries of the world. And for Nigeria to be recognized as a corrupt-free economy, the accounting profession must be in a position to balance the financial records of the federal government daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly or yearly basis. This is because members of the public and the international community want to see results, see the economy grow and the professions produce the final output.

The impact of accounting information on bank portfolio management

Every commercial bank targets the attainment of its desired objectives. They therefore aim towards efficiency and proper effectiveness in conducting its affairs. However, the level of this efficiency and effectiveness of any bank or the extent to which it is able to achieve its desired goals depends to a large extent on the quality of the  available  accounting  information  and  on  how  the  bank  utilizes  the  available information.

For any commercial bank to be sure of success in the management of their portfolios in this day’s rapid changing environment, the management and staff must update themselves with every relevant and current accounting information that will be beneficial in determining the predetermined goals. Management must therefore plan the course of action of the bank by identifying the long, medium and short term goals based on the detailed analysis of feasibility, bearing in mind the socio-economic and political situation that might affect the plans to be achieved.

Optimal bank portfolio management is a continuous struggle of maintaining a balance between liquidity, profitability and risk. Banks need liquidity because such a large portion of their liabilities are payable on demand. The decision to choose one combination of portfolio over another, given the liquidity size and capital accounts of the bank would have direct and significant effect on bank’s profitability, liquidity and risk.

THE ETHICS OF TAX EVASION; PERCEPTUAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN AKWA IBOM STATE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of tax evasion to the payment of tax on ethical reasons. A case study of some selected Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State. Extensive review of  the  existing  literature  was  made  and  relevant  information  was extracted.  The  Design  of  the  study  is  descriptive  field  survey  and observation method and the study was conducted at the selected Local Government  Area  in  Akwa  Ibom  State.  The  instrument  for  data collection is structured questionnaire and the source of data used was primary and secondary sources. The data collected were analyzed using Chi-square  test  (X2 ).  Based  on  the  analysis  of  this  research,  the researcher discovered the following as her data findings, that there is widespread ethical support for tax evasion, the study showed varying degree  of  justification  for  tax  evasion,  that  tax  evasion  is  ethical sometime and also found that the perceived government corruption can make respondent to evade tax. Therefore, until those underlying cause are addressed, tax evasion may continue to be widespread. 

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR COST MINIMIZATION AND PROFIT MAXIMIZATION

The  objective  of  this  research  work  contains  working  capital management as a tool for minimization and profit maximization with  particular  reference  to  Anambra  motor  manufacturing company, Enugu. The research design used was the survey method and the sources of data were both primary and secondary. The primary sources were interviews granted to me while the secondary sources  of  data  were  obtained  from  related  literatures  viz  text books, internet, journals by different authors. Primary sources were from  interviews  and  questionnaires.  The  data,  Hypotheses  were tested using chi-square. From the researchers findings, it is seen that profitability of a firm depend on the level of its working capital management.  Although  working  capital  management  is  creating problems  in  today’s  business  environment  due  to  global developments of science and applied in business but ANAMMCO tries here best and maintained her liquidity position. The researcher would recommend that seminars and workshops be organized for the staff and management of the company on the effect and merits of effective and efficient working capital management.

THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANT TO COST CONTROL AND PROFIT PERFORMANCE IN AN ORGANIZATION

Accountants have been bestowed with the role of providing information to the management regarding the affairs of the organization in particular and to the stakeholders in general. Internally, in manufacturing organization, management has  always  relied  on  the  management  accountant  for  cost  evaluation  and performance efficiencies of cost element. This role of management accountant to the management has been in doubt because of incessant increase in the cost elements of goods manufactured in Nigeria which in cause has resulted in constant increase in the price of goods. The aim of this research study is to evaluate  the  role  of  management  accountant  to  cost  control  and  profit performance  in  an  organization.  a  quasi-experimental  research  design  was adopted for this research study and the sample size was selected using the Taro Yamane sampling technique. Primary and secondary sources of data were used in collecting information which was analyzed using simple percentages. The hypothesis  was tested using  chi-  square  statistical  method at 0.05 level of significance for validity and decision making. The findings from the analysis of the research study depicts that organizational strategic managers should rely on management accountant information for decision making. Management of any manufacturing  company  cannot  make  profitable  decision  without  quality information.  The researcher can confidently conclude based on the findings that the  availability  of  skilled,  knowledgeable  and  informative  management accountant  in  an  organizational  profit  performance  promotes  productivity. Therefore, this research work recommends that management accountants should provide information on time so as to hasten up in making vital decision because undue delay in decision making will definitely undermine the firms? goal of profit maximization. Also, it recommends that adequate exposure should be given to management accountants through training programmes, appraisal and evaluation of seminars in order to acquaint them with the new technologies in
vogue and keep pace with new knowledge.

The Effect of Internal Audit on the Performance of the Private Firm

Internal audit is a management tool used in ensuring transparency in conduct of business.  Auditing took the entire stage after the industrial revolution  since  before  this  period,  transactions  increased, precipitated by the development of large corporations, limited liability companies, there became the need for divorce of ownership from control.    Hence  mangers  and  shareholders  became  two  different partners. Then it became apparent for mangers to render accounts of their stewardship to those who has pooled their resources together for  the business  .it  is  noteworthy  that  an independent  person be appointed to represent the interest of the shareholders in reviewing the report of mangers to ensure accuracy and transparency. This is how auditing started.        

                                            
We have two types of sectors. Public and Private sectors.  Public sector is the governments initiate and control in economic activities with the aim of rendering services at a breakeven point.
accounting  information  for  decision  making  in public sector organization using Bank of Agriculture, as a case studyOne  of  the  most  effective  uses  of  accounting information is decision making. Decision making has being described  as  a  purposeful  choosing  from  a  number  of alternative causes of action. 


The accounting information provides managers with the necessary information they need. In this case, it is the accountants that provide the information with which the management uses for its decision making. Managements can only come up with a good decision if they are able to get correct accounting information from the accountant. In a situation where the  accountant does  not provide  correct information: this is bond to affect the decision making of the management adversely.
The question now is, how business executive know the company  is  embarking  on  a  favorable  decision  or unfavorable one. The answer to this question is based on the management and the accounting information.

THE EFFECTS OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY USING THE PROBIT MODEL

 
The broad objective of this research work is to take a critical look at the principle  of  total  quality  management  so  as  to  find  out  how  its implementation  will  affect  an  organisation?s  productivity  and profitability. For the purpose of this study, the researcher limited its data to those of the Skye Bank Plc and her customers. The researcher used  survey  method  to  investigate  the  effects  of  Total  Quality Management on productivity using the probit model: a case study of Skye Bank Plc Edo State.

The effect of financial accounting reporting on managerial decision-making

 

Financial reports provides an overview of a business profitability and financial condition in both short and long term. They are necessary sources of accounting information about companies for wide variety of users. In. every business, there, needs information. This information needs ranges from financial, production, marketing etc. Generally, the larger  the  organization  the  greater  the  management  need  for information. Financial report plays a vital role in decision making process of business organizations. The main purpose of financial repots is the provision of financial information as a record making. It has been said that accounting is the language of business. It might also be said that the  ability  to  apply  accounting  knowledge  is  critical  to  success  in business: A business prepares various report at the end of each fiscal period.  This  report  summarizes  the  changes  that  have  taken  place during the period. For this financial report to be useful, the data be presented  in  such  a  way  that  the  user  will  recognize,  Similarities, differences and trends form one period to another to enable them make decisions. The accounting information contained in the financial reports enables management to make more inform decisions. Financial report

should provide adequate information in all areas of organization and economic activities; it should be able to disclose clearly the nature and accurate accounts of the transactions fun which the true and fair view financial  position  of  the  organization  can  be  ascertained.  Financial reports  serve  a  lot  of  useful  purpose  to  different  users  namely, shareholders,  Creditors,  Banks,  government  agents,  employees, potential investors and the management of the entity it self. The above identified groups of persons rely on the information supplied by the given firm through financial reporting in which they have interest to ascertain the organization?s state of affairs which serves as an important guide in deciding the extent to which they commit their fund. It is the “communication of financial information useful for decision making such as investment, credit and other business decisions” such communication include,  general.  Purpose  financial  statement,  balance  sheet,  equity report, cash flow reports and notes to these statements. 

THE EFFECTS OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF NIGERIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

There has been a persisting challenges of accountability and transparency in local government councils in Nigeria. The objective of this study has been to ascertain whether accountability and transparency has put to check the circumvention of due process in financial and non-financial activities of the Local government council in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted for the study, 55 Adminstrative management  and  30  internal  auditing  totaling  85  was  randomly  sampled  and stratified among members of staffs in local government out of 108 population sample. Three research questions and hypothesis testeed at 0.05 percent levelof significance  guided  to  study.  Frequencies,  percentages,  Means  and  standard derviation were employeed to answer the research question while Z-test statistics were  used  to  test  the  hypotheses.  It  was  discovered  that  the  process  of accountability and transparency has affected the official and non-official financial behavourial attitudess of council staffs in Nigeria. It was recommended that there should be adequate senstisation through, workshops seminars and lectrures on the
need for accountability and transparency in the government System.    

THE EFFECTS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

The  research  topic  of  this  study  is  “The  Effect  of Computerized Accounting System on the Performance of in Banking Industry – a study of selected banks in Enugu Metropolis.    The  purpose  is  to  know  whether  the application  of  Computerized  Accounting  System superceeds that of manual Accounting System, and that if  computerized  Accounting  System  enhance  higher turnover  and  profitability,  and  also  whether  a computerized accounting system is an effective means of keeping accounting records. The study population is 70 persons who are the members of the staff of the three major selected banks.  Using the Taro Yamene’s formula the sample size calculated gave (60). 

The formulated hypothesis were tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique at 5% level of significance.  The researcher also made use of primary methods of data collection which included questionnaire and personal interview.  Also the secondary method of data collection used was gotten from official documents of the banks, various  research  work  on  computerized  accounting system,  accounting  journals,  textbooks  and  Caritas University Amorji – Nike, Emene, Enugu State library.  Based on these, the researcher recommended that banks in  Enugu  Metropolis  should  channel  most  of  their resources in the training and development of bankers and Accountants  personnel  in  computerized  accounting system  related  technology  such  as  I.C.T  to  boost performance  in  their  banking  operations  and  their personnel.    Also  due  to  the  widespread  of  computer trends and its dynamics nature, it is recommended that banks in Enugu metropolis who are still battling with manual  system  should  adopt  specifically  the Computerized Accounting System.

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON THE NIGERIA MAUFACTURING SECTOR(1986-2010)

This paper examines the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the Nigerian manufacturing sector during a twenty five (25) years period (1986  –  2010).  The  argument  is  that  fluctuation  in  exchange  rate adversely  affects  output  of  manufacturing  sector.  This  is  because Nigerian manufacturing is highly dependent on import of input and capital goods. The methodology adopted for this study is empirical. The econometric tool of regression was used for the analysis. The population target of this study is the total number of 25 years from (1986 – 2010) (25) annual time series as data relating to other years after 2010 are not available. The used in this study is the secondary source of data. The data to be utilized in this study we be sourced through library research, publications of the Central Bank of Nigerian (CBN) i.e. statistic bulletin, National Bureau of Statistic(NBS), on line information and economic journals. Based on the findings, the researcher found out that exchange rate has no significant effect on economic growth of Nigeria also that there is no significant effect of fluctuation on exchange rate on the manufacturing sector. Some recommendations for policy were made based on the findings. Amongst others is the need to strengthen the link between agriculture and manufacturing?s sector through local sourcing of raw materials thereby reducing reliance of the sector on import of input to a reasonable level

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

 

This research is on the challenges of cost benefit analysis in a computerized Accounting System.  The purpose of this study is to enquire into the viability or other wise of computerized accounting Systems, with particularly reference to coca-cola Bottling Company, Enugu.  The objective of the study is to ascertain if the introduction computer system may lead to industrial unrests as workers resists change. Also, the method used in this study is chi-square while the findings in the process of this research work is the implementation of computerization  of  coca-cola  bottling  Plc  Enugu  and  also  the recommendation for the work is that the company should motivate its personnel more on the use of computers

    

SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTERNAL AUDITOR’S ON THE EXAMINATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

This study was to assess the significance external auditor?s in the examination of  financial statement  of  first  Bank  of  Nigeria  Plc., Enugu.  The banking sector in Nigeria and elsewhere in recent times have become so diversified, challenging, highly competitive and  has  been  characterized  by  persistent,  fraud,  errors  and misappropriation of funds in the bank, the impact of which has undoubtedly shaken the whole economy of the nation. For this work to be effectively and efficiently carried out the use of primary and secondary methods was adopted for the collection of data, where  in  primary  data,  the  researcher  designed  and  advanced questionnaires to first Bank Enugu for collection of primary data while  secondary    data  was  gotten  from  textbooks,  journals, manuals  lecture  notes,  etc.  the  data  collected  from  the questionnaire was analyzed  in tables with simple percentage and interpreted  for  the  understanding  of  the  study  the  formulated hypothesis were tested using Z – test formula.   The result of the study  shows  that,  external  auditors  examination  of  first  banks financial statement or records aids in checking and monitoring as well as stopping frauds errors, misappropriation of funds in the Banks.  Recommendations were made to the management of First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Abuja.

RELEVANCE OF FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS IN THE APPRAISAL OF SMALL SCALEBUSINESS

This research work examined the relevance of financial ratio analysis in the appraisal of small scale business with particular reference to Mr. Biggs fast food in cross river state. The study examined the establishing of the extent to which accounting ratio can be used to interpret accounting records of small scale business, finding and analysing the meaning of financial ratio analysis to the researcher knowledge and understanding of financial statement of the company, to establish the effect of ratio analysis on the users of financial statement and to highlight available ratios for measuring the true state of performance of company. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources, while primary data was collected by the use of questionnaires; the secondary data were based on readings from textbooks, internet and journals. Data from the response to questionnaire was presented using the statistical tool Chi- square. From the analysis, the findings showed that non challant attitude in the use of financial statement affects small scale business; obsolete use of data affects small scale  business  and  also  that  lack  of  competent  management  affect  small  scale business. It was however recommended that the retained earnings of the small scale
business should be properly invested in order to have more capital for business

THE EFFECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA

1  Tax is a financial issue and its payment is a civil duty. It is the imposition of a financial burden for the government on individual firm and companies.  In  general  based,  the  word  tax  means  any  contribution imposed by the government upon individual and companies for the use of government to provide facilities or services as rendered by the state. It is not a voluntary payment or donation but an enforced contribution made on the pronouncement or directive of legislative authorities.

Osita (2004:1) stated, taxation may be define as the compulsory leave by the government through it’s various agencies in the income, capital or consumption of it’s subject such as salaries, business profits, interest, dividends, commission regularities, rent etc.

THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL AUDIT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE FIRM A STUDY OF ANAYLSIS

Internal audit is a management tool used in ensuring transparency in conduct of business.  Auditing took the entire stage after the industrial revolution  since  before  this  period,  transactions  increased, precipitated by the development of large corporations, limited liability companies, there became the need for divorce of ownership from control.    Hence  mangers  and  shareholders  became  two  different partners. Then it became apparent for mangers to render accounts of their stewardship to those who has pooled their resources together for  the business  .it  is  noteworthy  that  an independent  person be appointed to represent the interest of the shareholders in reviewing the report of mangers to ensure accuracy and transparency. This is how auditing started. 
                                                     
We have two types of sectors. Public and Private sectors.  Public sector is the governments initiate and control in economic activities with the aim of rendering services at a breakeven point.
The  private  sector  is  the  private  initiative  aimed  at  profit/wealth maximization for the owners Mill champ (1996) defines internal audit

as an independent appraisal function within an organization for the review of system of control and the quality of review of systems of control  and  the  quality  of  performance  as  a  service  to  the organization.     

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON THE NIGERIA MAUFACTURING SECTOR(1986-2010)

  This paper examines the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the Nigerian manufacturing sector during a twenty five (25) years period (1986  –  2010).  The  argument  is  that  fluctuation  in  exchange  rate adversely  affects  output  of  manufacturing  sector.  This  is  because Nigerian manufacturing is highly dependent on import of input and capital goods. The methodology adopted for this study is empirical. The econometric tool of regression was used for the analysis. The population target of this study is the total number of 25 years from (1986 – 2010) (25) annual time series as data relating to other years after 2010 are not available. The used in this study is the secondary source of data.

The data to be utilized in this study we be sourced through library research, publications of the Central Bank of Nigerian (CBN) i.e. statistic bulletin, National Bureau of Statistic(NBS), on line information and economic journals. Based on the findings, the researcher found out that exchange rate has no significant effect on economic growth of Nigeria also that there is no significant effect of fluctuation on exchange rate on the manufacturing sector. Some recommendations for policy were made based on the findings. Amongst others is the need to strengthen the link between agriculture and manufacturing?s sector through local sourcing of raw materials thereby reducing reliance of the sector on import of input to a reasonable level

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

This research is on the challenges of cost benefit analysis in a computerized Accounting System.  The purpose of this study is to enquire into the viability or other wise of computerized accounting Systems, with particularly reference to coca-cola Bottling Company, Enugu.  The objective of the study is to ascertain if the introduction computer system may lead to industrial unrests as workers resists change. Also, the method used in this study is chi-square while the findings in the process of this research work is the implementation of computerization  of  coca-cola  bottling  Plc  Enugu  and  also  the recommendation for the work is that the company should motivate its personnel more on the use of computers.

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

This research is on the challenges of cost benefit analysis in a computerized Accounting System.  The purpose of this study is to enquire into the viability or other wise of computerized accounting Systems, with particularly reference to coca-cola Bottling Company, Enugu.  The objective of the study is to ascertain if the introduction computer system may lead to industrial unrests as workers resists change. Also, the method used in this study is chi-square while the findings in the process of this research work is the implementation of computerization  of  coca-cola  bottling  Plc  Enugu  and  also  the recommendation for the work is that the company should motivate its personnel more on the use of computers.

THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR.

This research work deals with the challenges of internal audit function in the Nigerian public sector with reference to Kaduna state ministry of finance. Internal auditing is a process generally adopted towards ensuring and safeguarding of resources and promoting operational efficiency in organization. The objective of this study has been to evaluate the internal control system in the Nigerian public sectors, to ascertain the non- implementation of routine audit report and the lack of proper segregation and assignment of duties. In recent times, a combination of forces has led to a quiet revolution in the profession. Government moving towards democracy  must  demonstrate  accountability  in  the  use  of  public  money  and efficiency in the delivery of service. In many cases internal control system are weak,  staffs  are  poorly  paid  making  them  unmotivated,  coupled  with  non- implementation of routine audit report by appropriate authorities.

The Responses from  staffs  were  analyzed  using  relevant  statistical  tools  from  which  three hypothesis were formulated and tested using Z-test statistics,  while questionnaire were analyzed in tabular form using simple percentage. It was discovered that the internal audit is facing a lot of challenges which includes inadequate staffing, lack of  independence,  lack  of  facilities  to  carry  out  audit  function  and  also  poor funding. As a result of some of these challenges the effectiveness of the internal audit in the Nigerian public sectors, has been hindered as well as the organizational change it can bring to its environment. I recommend that for internal audit to be effective,  it  must  be  a  completely  independent  group,  adequately  funded  and equipped with qualified internal auditors as well as sufficient opportunities for internal auditors to become qualified.

INTERNAL AUDIT AS A TOOL IN ACHIVING ORGANISATIONA OBJECTIVES

The  system  of  controls  adopted  in  any  economy  greatly determines the development and growth of that economy. To ensure optimization  in  money,  materials,  machine,  time,  resources  and management of men, controls are essential.

These controls are installed by many organisations including banks to check how effective and efficient they maximize their resources. One of such controls commonly used to minimize wastage and guide plan to their eventual accomplishment is “INTERNAL AUDITING”.

Auditing has been in existence for many years, it was in ancient Egypt and the great mercantile establishment of the middle ages. This shows that internal auditing can neither be neglected nor under rated in our modern economy for it was borne of the complexities of modern business  dominate  and  transactions  involved.  In  that,  other management of various large businesses, organisations and government concern  recognised  internal  auditing  as  valuable  machinery  and achieving and objective deemed accurate at a point in time.