A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHEMICAL AND MICROWAVE SYNTHESIZED ACTIVATED CARBON FROM CORN COB

Activated carbon, also widely known as activated charcoal or activated coal is a form of carbon which has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to have  a  very  large  surface  area  available  for  adsorption  or chemical  reactions (Mattson     et al.,     1971). The word active is sometimes used in place of activated. It is characterized by high degree of micro porosity.  A gram of activated carbon can have  a  surface  area  in  excess  of  500  m2 .  Sufficient  activation  for  useful applications may come solely from the high surface area, though further chemical treatment generally enhances the adsorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon is most commonly derived from charcoal.

Waste biomass is getting increasing attention all over the world for activated carbon  development  as  it  is  renewable,  widely  available,  cheap  and environmentally  friendly  resource.  The  common  method  of  development  is thermochemical  (    Kumar  et  al.,     2005).  The  main  concern  is  the  removal  of chemical component by adsorption from the liquid or gas phase (Bansal     et al., 1988). Today, activated carbon has been produced from various biomass  such as corncob, rice husk, cherry stones, coconut shells, palm shells, to mention but a few.

THE PRODUCTION OF YAM FLOUR FROM YAM CHIPS

THE PRODUCTION OF YAM FLOUR FROM YAM CHIPS

The project dealt on the production of yam flour from yam chips. The yams were peeled and washed, 100grams  samples coded sample A to G were subjected to two different drying conditions. Some were dried using the sun drying method while  the  others  were  dried  through  oven  drying  method  kept  at  constant temperature of 500 C, sodium bi-carbonate was added to some of the samples, all these were done to obtain a flour with the best colour and texture quality. From the results obtained, it was observed that sample B (yam boiled with sodium bi- carbonate and dried with oven) gave the best result and quality when tested with hot  water,  this  was  as  a  result  of  the  drying  condition  used,  the  constant temperature maintained and the presence of the sodium bi-carbonate used which helped in achieving the result. Generally, the samples dried through the oven drying method at 500 C  gave better colour and result of the yam flour when tested with hot water more than other samples dried by sun drying and this was due to the stability in temperature in the oven drying method used.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NYSC ORIENTATION CAMP INFORMATION SYSTEM

This Project Design and Implementation of Orientation Camp Information System (A Case Study of NYSC Orientation Camp Awgu ) was designed to eliminate the problems associated with manual handling of information at the Orientation Camp such as: data redundancy, time wastage etc. The Design and Implementation was carried out using the top down software development  approach.  The  tools  used  to  implement  this  project  are VB.Net and SQL Server. 

EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON OIL YIELD USING SCENT BEAN SEED (‘OZAKI’).

 

EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON OIL YIELD USING SCENT BEAN SEED (‘OZAKI’). 

This project was done to extract and characterize bean oil according to their particle sizes. The experiment was carried out using scent bean (i.e. ‘Ozaki’, ‘Ijilizi’or ‘Azamu’) as sample. The oils were extracted by solvent extraction /leaching extraction using n-hexane. Proximate analysis was carried out to obtain percentage moisture content, ash content, total oil content, protein content and carbohydrate content of the extracted oils. From observation, it was noticed that as the diameter of the sieve decreased, the quantity of oil obtained increased

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE (SAW-DUST)

The effect of  concentration of hydrochloric acid on hydrolysis of cellulose (saw- dust) to glucose was studied on this research project and the steps obtained to achieve  this  project  involved  treatment  of  saw-dust  (cellulose)  with  different concentrations of the acid at constant temperature of 80°? (350k) for 30mins. This was followed by glucose analysis, some analysis or experiments were done on acid hydrolysis in order to study the effect of (HCL) acid on the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. The process used in this hydrolysis was acid hydrolysis in which HCL acid was used at constant temperature of 80o C and the saw-dust used [was obtained by grinding wood with saw] was weighed and mixed with water . Secondly, during this analysis/experiment, it was observed that hydrochloric acid hydrolyzed well from the readings gotten from each result that was carried out during the analysis. Then lastly, glucose analysis was carried out to determine the absorbance and glucose concentration. It was noticed that the best concentration of HCL acid during hydrolysis  yields  glucose concentration  of 0.127g or 1.270%.

MODIFICATION OF SURFACE, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBONS FOR WATER PURIFICATION

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of chemical surface properties of activated carbons for their use in water purification. To achieve this objective, activated carbon in both granular and powdered forms namely: as received and devolatilized carbons were prepared. Proximate analysis of the carbon materials was performed. Mass titration experiments were carried out to determine the point of  zero  charge  of  the  activated  carbon  materials.  Again,  using  an  ultraviolet spectrophotometer,  the  adsorption  of  phenol  on  as-received  and  devolatilized activated carbon was investigated. Adsorption isotherms were acquired from which the monolayer adsorption capacities were calculated.

THE KINETIC STUDY ON HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE (SAW-DUST)

 

This research project studied on the kinetics of  hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose.  The steps employed to achieve this project involved extraction of cellulose from sawdust and subsequently, hydrolysis of starch to simple sugar. This was followed by glucose analysis. Different experiments were conducted during acid hydrolysis to study the various acids on the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. The saw-dust was extracted from the wood by grinding using saw.

The process used in the hydrolysis was acid hydrolysis in which two major inorganic acids (Hydrochloric and Sulfuric) were used at constant temperature of 80o C. During this experiment, it was observed that Hydrochloric acid hydrolyzed most, followed by Sulphuric acid. Finally, sugar analysis was carried out to determine the acid with the highest yield of glucose and the best acid for the hydrolysis. It was noticed that the yield of

glucose was relatively high from HCl at 1.280% concentration, followed by H    2SO4
at 0.940%. It was also seen from the graph that the absorbance yield increases as the glucose concentrations increases in terms of HCl. Therefore, the best acid for acid for acid hydrolysis is HCl.                 

 

REFINING OF SOYA BEAN OIL 

This project work studied the refining of crude soya bean oil extracted from soya bean seed using alkali /caustic refining method. The work was  carried  out  using  phosphoric  acid  for  the  degumming /pretreatment process and sodium hydroxide for the neutralization /refining of the oil. Certain tests were carried out on both the crude and refined oil such as saponification value, acidic value, iodine value, specific  gravity  and  viscosity,  the  results  obtained  after  the  tests include 42.075, 164.28, 589.05, 0.8944 and 0.038 respectively for refined oil and 44.88, 109.52, 448.8, 0.8148 and 0.035 respectively for the crude oil. 

What students need to know about REFINING OF PALM KERNEL OIL

This work studied the refining of crude palm kernel oil derived from the kernels within the nut of a palm fruit.
This research project was aimed at reducing the non-glycerides present in oil in their crude form using an alkali method of refining.  The crude palm kernel oil was first washed with distilled water by heating the mixture in an electric heater for about 2 hours to reduce  the  impurities  present  in  the  oil  in  their  crude  form, degummed  with  phosphoric  acid  and  neutralized  with  NaOH (caustic  soda).The  saponification  value,  iodine  value  and  acid value was analyzed and their values are: for crude palm kernel oil, 33.1, 695.45 and 746.13 respectively, for neutralized palm kernel oil, 11.22, 725.6 and 687.24 respectively

EXTRACTION AND FORMULATION OF PERFUME FROM PLANTS

EXTRACTION AND FORMULATION OF PERFUME FROM PLANTS

Solvent extraction, enfleurage and hydrodistillation methods are effective and efficient means of extracting essential oils. Solvent extraction is the most common and most  economically technique for extracting oil in modern  perfume  industry  because  of  its  simplicity.    Extraction  by enfleurage  was  commonly  used  when  distillation  was  not  possible because  some  fragrant  compounds  denature  through  high  heat.  This technique is not commonly used in modern industries because of its prohitive cost.  The essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation has strong odor characteristics of the raw material from which they were produced. When compared with other methods of  extraction. It is cheaper because the cost involved is that of energy used in heating water to generate steam.  Water  itself  is  the  commonest  material  easily  available  from nature supply or other alternative sources. 

There is high demand for essential oils for various purposes such as medicinal, perfumery, soap making, insectides to mention but a few. Imported essential oils are very expensive to meet the demand of our

 local consumer industries, therefore it becomes necessary to source and synthesis these oils from local sources, in particular lemon grass.

With essential oils made from lemon grass, perfume can be produced locally  using  different  methods  of  extraction,  thereby  creating employment.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COAL, FUEL OIL AND NATURAL GAS FOR CEMENT PRODUCTION

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COAL, FUEL OIL AND NATURAL GAS FOR CEMENT PRODUCTION

This study is a comparative analysis of the use of coal, fuel oil and natural gas for cement production noting their physical and chemical properties, cost and availability, impact on the environment and human health. Out of the seven cement manufacturing industries in Nigeria, three  industries use these fuels were selected for the study. The industries are NigerCem –Ebonyi state, Dangote cement –Benue state and UniCem -Cross river state. Questionnaires were used to gather information on the three fuels. The likert 3- scale model was adopted, using 2.0 as the cut off mark. Based on the analysis of the study, it was observed out that amongst these three (3) fuels, fuel oil is presently expensive though available, while coal and natural gas  are cheap but coal is not available due to the closure of  Nigeria?s coal mine.

In terms of environment and health, coal and fuel oil emit much harmful gases to the environment and cause more health problems to cement worker but natural gas emits less of these harmful gases to the environment and cause less health problems to workers. The study therefore shows that natural gas is the best fuel because it is cheap, readily available and creates fewer problems to the environment.

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:41AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, e

ngineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:41AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:37AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:32AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:32AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:32AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:32AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:32AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:03AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:03AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:03AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:03AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

NASSON FPN Latest Updates July 5, 2018 at 03:03AM

Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. Importance of statistics is far-reaching and encompasses almost every possible domain. Uses and importance of statistics can be seen in fields as diverse as agriculture, mathematics, healthcare, engineering, decision making, geography, sports, sociology, marketing, government, nursing, planning, banking, economics, research, education, medicine, accounting, business, technology, psychology, business economics, business management, industry, physics, biology as well as educational research

ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA

ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA

Air pollutions pollutant showed that the extent of spreading depends on the motor vehicle traffic population of the area. This pollution strongly generated through combustion of fossil fuels presents difficult environmental challenge to societies as it could degrade the environment and affect human health and quality of life. Vehicular emissions are major contributors to air pollution in urban areas as they contain harmful gases. The levels of carbon monoxide has been investigated in two locations of Enugu metropolis (high traffic ?old park? and low traffic „caritas university?), in order to determine its pollution status with regards to air. EL-USB- CO analyzer used for the analysis indicated variations in the levels of CO for the period of study. The results obtained revealed that the concentrations of CO in high traffic  (HT)  area  is  higher  than  that  of  low  traffic  (LT)  and  is  unacceptable compared with the Federal Environmental Protection agency (FEPA) Nigeria set limit. The dispersion pattern of the suggests that vehicular emission contributes to the levels of carbon monoxide in the environment.

EXTRACTION AND FORMULATION OF PERFUME FROM LEMONGRASS LEAVES

 

EXTRACTION AND FORMULATION OF PERFUME FROM LEMONGRASS LEAVES

Perfume extraction refers to the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression  or enfleurage.  The  extracts  are  either  essential  oils,  absolutes,  concretes,  or butters,  depending  on  the  amount  of  waxes  in  the  extracted  product.  Heat, chemical solvents, or exposure to oxygen in the extraction process denature the aromatic compounds, either changing their odour, character or rendering them odourless. In this work three methods, solvent extraction, hydro distillation and enfleurage methods were used to extract essential oil from lemongrass. Solvent extraction method yielded 2.08%, enfluerage method yielded 1.96% and hydro distillation methods yielded 0.95% essential oil respectively. From the analysis solvent extraction gave the highest yield because of the less exposure air and heat  and  this  conform  the  literature  value.  The  extracted  essential  oil  was formulated into perfume using a fixative and carrier solvent.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT OF AUDITING IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Government organizations have played a greater part in the economic growth of any economy, especially in the Nigerian economy.  The contributions they have made so far cannot be  overemphasized because their utmost aims of establishment is to provide  some vital or essential services to improve the social and economic well being of the people.  These government organizations are mainly being funded either by the federal or state government through their budgetary allocations made to them yearly and they can also obtain loans or overdraft from commercial bank as well as subvention from government.  These funds are expected to be utilized effectively and efficiently.  But in most practices they are being misappropriated or embezzled by some government officials. 
 As a result of this mis-appropriation which has characterized most of the government organizations.  Honestly and  prudently managed.  The audit is expect to show whether proper principles of accounts and audit ethics have been adhered to and that financial statements
prepared give a true and fair view.