TCI Library: July 2017

Accountancy

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT AS A MANAGERIAL TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING

Financial Statement Analysis and Interpretation is a very vital instrument of good management decision-making in business enterprise. Good decisions ensure business survival, profitability and growth. Without financial statement analysis in investment decisions, an enterprise is likely to make decisions, which could spell its doom. Poor or lack of qualitative financial statement analysis could lead to investment returns, low profitability and even inability to identify viable investment opportunities. The main objective of this project is therefore, was to determine how firms could use financial statement analysis and interpretation to aid management decisions and to avert the problems highlighted above. Primary and secondary data are employed to broaden the scope of this study. Primary data are sourced from questionnaire responses.

This provided data for the validation of the hypotheses tested with the use of chi-square (X2). The test revealed as follows: (1) Significant difference between the returns of the financial statement in Analysis and Interpretation based on management decision. (2) Organizational profitability has relationship with financial statement analysis and interpretation based management decision but not significantly. The project concludes that companies should pay great attention to the use of financial statement analysis so as to properly equip themselves with this invaluable tool. The researcher recommends the following: (a) Accountants or financial analysts should not be rushed in collection, preparation, analysis and interpretation off financial statements. (b) Financial statements should be made to reflect current cost accounting to eliminate or reduce the effects to historical cost principle and inflation risk element. (c) A combination of different ratios should be used in analyzing a company’s financial and/or operating performance. Proper use of financial statement analysis should be made not only in investment but also in other areas of decision making.

EFFECTIVENESS OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY

This study examines the essence of effective inventories control and management to manufacturing companies with particular emphasis on Ama Greenfield Breweries plc. The aim of this study is to investigate and ascertain areas of lapses by the company and offer effective ways and solutions in which the manufacturing company can explore the services of inventory management to effect its objectives. In carrying out this study, various research instruments such as questionnaires and oral interview were used to collect data from respondents and a research design was adopted with a sample size of 52.

The statistical tool used for this work is Chi-square. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that inventory management plays a vital role in the manufacturing company. A well functional inventory management following the recommendations can bring about proper management thereby enhancing proper and effective production and it will equally ensure the effective, efficient and adequate use of materials and resources in the manufacturing company.

ENHANCING CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH EFFECTIVE AUDIT SYSTEM

Ability to report back the conclusion of an assignment of the progress made so far to the person(s) who delegated the authority to the performer of an assignment, duty or function, has for decades eluded this nation both in the private and public responsibilities to be performed and performed and reported back has been carried out as accomplished. The lack of accountability leads to many vices in our social and economic system. The objectives of this study therefore are: (a) To ascertain the determine the role of independent audit towards accountability in an organization (b) To determine if independent audit can control fraud and embezzlement. The primary data sources (the questionnaire) collected response from thirty two (32) respondents out of forty (40) that was sampled.

Data collected through primary sources were analyzed on tables using percentages, three hypotheses were stated in null form and ere tested using the X2 statistics, simple percentages and the test revealed that audit enhances accountability in an organization and also help in controlling fraud, embezzlement and defalcation in an organization.

MARKETING OF BANK SERVICES IN NIGERIA

The financial sector, especially the banking system, plays a very important role in the development of any economy. This is because banks are the most important and vital intermediaries in any economy, given the fact that they mobilize savings and idle funds from the surplus sector and transfer them to the deficit sector, where they are needed. Banks may be referred to as the heart of the economy in regard to the role money plays in the economy. Commercial banks create and facilitate payments for goods and services.
Banks are economic decision units established for the purpose of providing financial services and products to the target market with a primary objective of making adequate returns or profits on the funds invested, without neglecting the other secondary of social objective of prosperity, growth and continual life of the business.
Furthermore, it has been widely accepted that money matters in economic development, and that financial intermediaries or institutions particularly banks contribute significantly to real development. (Bhatt and Khathate, 2003).

Banking services in Nigeria started in 1982 when the first bank was established in the country as the African Banking Corporation. Its name has undergone changes twice and now called the First Banks of Nigeria Limited.
The Nigerian banking industry is undergoing the greatest challenges. These challenges can be closely associated with the increasing cut-throat competition in the banking sector where marketing becomes essential as provision of services itself. This has therefore placed customers in their rightful position as “Kings”. Service quality therefore is an important component of any bank’s product. This has led banks in general to be innovative in services and purposeful in management and there is need for aggressive and persuasive marketing of banking services to protect bank’s existing customers and to acquire more to the market.

BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL AS TOOLS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

This research work was focused on investigation on the use of budgeting and budgetary control as tools for accountability in government parastatals. ( A case study of Enugu State Housing Development Corporation). Budgetary control is a quantitative expression of plane of action prepare in advance of period to which it relate. The organization is face with the problem of lack of budgeting while planning and controlling their activities. The objective of the study is to determine if budgeting and budgetary control affect the quality of services delivery in government parastatals. The research also aims at determining if budgetary control contribute to the improvement of management efficiency and high productivity. Data were collected from primary and secondary source. Secondary source of data were collected from textbooks, periodic articles and journals.

Questions were distributed as well as personal interviews with functional and departmental heads were conducted. The sample size of 60 were used and was chosen among the number of department / section using Bowleys proportional allocation formula Data were analyzed using table and simple percentage, hypothesis were tested using chi-square statistics. We discovered among other things that budgeting and budgetary control affect the quality of service delivery in government parastatals. It was also revealed that budgeting and budgetary control contributes to the improvement of management efficiency and high productivity. In line with the above, we recommend among other things that the budget plan and preparation should be a corporate duty of the unit heads with head of department in the corporation, improving legislation, realistic budget target. Adherence in the budgeting provision should be practiced by top management.

ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM AS A MEANS OF ENHANCING FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPORT COMPANY

Accounting information system in a transport organization has been a great problem to the third world countries in general, which Nigeria as a country has its own share. This research work, “Accounting information system in a transport organization, suggests ways of minimizing the effects of the problems of inefficient accounting information. It is believe that an improvement in this regards will enhance the performance of the corporation. To enable the researcher find solution to the problem of this study, some questions were raised in the form of hypotheses, which were developed comprising the null and alternative hypotheses. The methods of data collection were primary and secondary data method.

The data collected were analyzed by use of simple percentages while chi-square was used to test the hypothesis formulated for validity. Findings show that accounting information is an indispensible tool in the management of Nigeria Railway Corporation and the activities of unqualified and incompetent accounting officers are responsible for the performance of the accounts departments in Nigeria Railway Corporation. Based on the findings, the researcher concludes that the accountant should put more efforts especially when computing the financial statement since accounts fraud result from ignorant of proper accounting procedures. Since the financial statement are sources of document of accounting information, efforts should be made in generating more relevant, timely, effective and accurate accounting information necessary for prevention or detection of fraud.

AN ANALYSIS OF CREDIT MANAGEMENT IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY

Credit extension is an essential function of banks and bank management strive to satisfy the legitimate credit needs of the community it tends to serve. This study is aimed at analysing the credit management in the banking industry in Nigeria with particular reference to first Bank of Nigeria PLC. The importance of credit in the economic growth and development of a country cannot be overemphasized. Despite the important role played by credit in the economy, it is associated with a catalogue of risks. The Nigeria banking industry witnessed some failures prior to the consolidation era due to imprudent lending that finally led to bad debt and some ethical facts. The issue of non- performance of asset and declaring of ficticious project has become the order of the day in our banking system as a result of poor credit management leading to bank distress in the industry. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested through use of chi-square on questionnaires administered to various respondents.

From the data collected and the tested hypothesis, results showed that: (i) Inadequate feasibility study affects loan repayment in the banking industry, (ii) The diversion of bank loan to unprofitable ventures affects loan repayment and (iii) The problem of poor attention given to distribution of loan has negative effect on banks performance. Amongst several recommendations were the following: (a) Banks should establish sound and competent credit management unit and recruit well motivated staffs (b) Banks should ensure that the chief executive avoid approval in principle in the credit management, and (c) Banks should have a monitoring and control unit or department to carry out a sort of post- modern exercise by way of controlling and monitoring credit facilities and also ensuring completeness of all conditions precedent to draw down.

DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR PENSION ADMINISTRATION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR

This research work is designed to develop effective strategy for pension administration in the Nigeria public sector, using pension commission as a study. The research work reveals how some retirees are forced to continue to work throughout their life, not out of choice but for lack of means of sustenance at old age. The sources of data collection for this work are primary and secondary sources, the researcher in this process of data collection for the research regarded the questionnaire to serve as the most important instrument used in the research, and the data gathered from questionnaire are analyzed by simple percentage, the chi-square techniques was employed to test the hypothesis and interpret the information for better understanding.

The findings reveal that, a noneffective and efficient strategy of pension administration can be likened to poor pension administration and budgeted income to pensioners is not implemented as at when due. The implication were that, committees should be set up to audit the performance of pension boards and other pension bodies and responsibility should be assigned to the right people who must have access to the right information concerning retires and also retirees should not solely depend on pension after retirement, alternate plans should be made from day one of the start of one’s working years, this could include setting aside a percentage of one’s salary in anticipation of retirement.

THE EFFECT OF TAX ADMINISTRATION ON REVENUE GENERATION IN ENUGU STATE

The level of revenue generated in the state has been in a declining form due to poor administration and collections of taxes and lack of proper return of accounts. These are the negative effects that affect government revenue generation which are targeted to meet her basic functions like provision of basic amenities for her citizenry in the state. The aim of this research study is to evaluate the effect of tax administration on revenue generation to the Enugu state government. The research design adopted in this study was survey research method. Primary and secondary sources of data were used in collecting information which was analyzed using simple percentages and hypothesis tested using chi – square statistical method at 0.05 level of significant for validity and to make decisions.

Findings show that there was rampant incidence of tax evasion and avoidance in the state, and the tax administration in Enugu state is inadequate, not effective and not efficiently managed thus: inadequate staff and facilities also hinder tax administration and collection. The researcher, in the final analysis drew a lasting conclusion, some of which are:- the apathy of Enugu state people towards payment of tax could be reduced by involving them in the decision making of tax administration, collection and utilization of the tax revenue. The environment should be made better by both the government and its agencies. The staff of the SBIR Enugu should be well remunerated and ensure adequate administration of tax laws in accordance with the laid down rules and regulations.

THE USE OF COMPUTER IN RECORDING ACCOUNTING INFORMATION, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS A STUDY OF BENDEL FEEDS AND FLOUR MILL, EWU, EDO STATE

This research work is aimed at ascertaining the various roles played by using computer in recording accounting information problems and prospects in the modern business world using Bendel feed and flour mill, Ewu, Edo state as a case study. The importance of using computer in recording accounting information will be apparent when considering the fact from the data that is gathered in the course of this work, from the related literature as well as, from interviews and discussions. Also questionnaires were distributed equally and collected which yielded or revealed that the use of computer in recording accounting information [played a positive role in initiating computer use in the modern business world. The information supplied by the Chief accountant in Bendel feed and flour mill Ewu, Edo state contributed to the success of the exercise.

The statistical analysis that used in the study includes the hypothesis testing in which the questionnaire is analyzed under their related hypothesis and the use of chi-square test of homogeneity. It was also discovered that it is important among other groups of professionals needed for this implementation of the exercise. Therefore, they formed the pillar on which any successful establishment rests upon. We recommended that the use of computer in recording accounting information should be give a free hand in implementation exercise in order to enhance the importance of the use of computer in recoding accounting information.

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING IN NIGERIA FINANCIAL CONTROL SYSTEM

(A CASE STUDY OF ESAN SOUTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMNENT AREA, EDO STATE).

This research was aimed at finding out the impact of public sector accounting in Nigeria financial control system using Esan south east local government area of Edo state as a case study. The purpose was to find out if the control of public fund adopted by the local government is appropriate, to determine whether the public sector accounting principle applied by the local government is appropriate and effective and also to investigate whether the source of revenue to the local government is enough for them etc. The population size used was the staff and members of Esan south east local government area of Edo state, out of which the sample size was selected using the Taro Yamani?s sampling techniques. Data for this study were primarily and secondarily sourced. Chi-square was used to analyze the responses gotten from the distributed questionnaires.

The findings made in this study are; the public accounting principles applied by the said local government area is inappropriate and ineffective and the control of public fund measures adopted is also inappropriate etc, based on the findings, it was concluded that the public sector accounting principles applied by the local government is inappropriate and also the control of public fund measures adopted was inappropriate. Recommendations were also made based on the findings which are, an account committee should be set up to control the accounting system of the said local government and monitor their day to day activities etc and when this is met, the goal of creating the local government will be achieved.

THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN THE CONTROL OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN NIGERIA

(A STUDY OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA ENUGU STATE)

This research examines the role of accounting in the control of public expenditures in Nigeria, a case study of control bank of Nigeria, Enugu State. The researcher adopted descriptive survey design. The population of the study is the combination of internal audit department staff and accounting department staff making it a total of 41. The research used both primary and secondary source of data. In view of this, three research questions were formulated to generate expected answers. Literal works were reviewed for proper understanding and guidance. Questionnaires, personal interview and observation were used for collect of primary data. Secondary source of data were collect from text books, periodical, articles and journals.

Tables and simple percentage were used for data analysis, hypothesis were tested using chi-square statistics. Based on the findings, the researcher found out that few of the staff were not following due accounting principles thereby causing inadequate and improper pursuit of the accounting records Omission of certain book-keeping records, improper audit. The staff and management of central bank of Nigeria has now adopted accounting standard, and the balance of power on NASC, financial analyst government agencies and others. Finally the researcher proffered among other use of accounting principle and standard in the company.

THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM ON THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF AN ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY PLC, ENUGU)

Over the years, there have being a problem of incorrect and unreliable financial record which has lead to loss of organizational integrity. The research work aimed among others at determining the relationship between internal measures to proper accounting records. A survey research design was adopted for this research study and a sample size was selected using Yaro Yamane sampling technique as data used were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Four research questions were formulated out of which three hypothesis were formulated using regression co-efficient analysis method at 5% level of significance and the Z table was also used for comparison between calculated value of significance B and tab le value. The finding from the analysis indicates that internal control measure management performance and is necessary for the growth and effectiveness of the organization.

Financial management of any
organization cannot do without internal control as true and fair presentation of financial statement may never be possible if the board and senior management are not committed to providing a well planned internal control system. It also recommends that a periodical review of the organization should be done by the management so as to cope with the model trends in organizational fraud prevention

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF AUDITING IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL MORTGAGE BANK ENUGU STATE)

The topic of this research is problems and prospects of auditing in government organization, the population of the study was 82 while the research used yaro Yamani formula in the determination of the sample size which was 68.The researcher used both the primary and the secondary sources in obtaining the relevant data used in the course of the study. The primary data was collected using the questionnaire while that of the secondary data was obtained using written textbooks, journals, magazines, newspapers, and the use of library. The researcher used chi-square in the testing of the hypothesis formulated while simple percentages were used in analyzing the research questions.

Some of the problems bound to be encountered when auditing government establishments are embezzlement of funds by some government officials, deficiency in confirming accounts receivable and failure to exercise due professional care. Some findings were made of which one out of them is that financial reports submitted are not in consonance with the transactions carried out by the government establishment. Recommendations were also made of which one out of them is that the auditor should maintain his position of independence as much as possible

THE IMPACT OF CREDIT MANAGEMENT ON THE PROFITABILITY OF A MANUFACTURING FIRM

(A CASE STUDY OF UNILEVER PLC ABA, NIGERIA).

The aim of this research work is to appraise “The impact of credit management on the profitability of a manufacturing firm focused on Unilever Nigeria Plc Aba”. This is because; trade credit is a short term source of finance and sometimes take the form of bills payable. The statement problem of this research banks about the poor level of credit management and also the problems which the firms encounter as a result of high-rate of bad debts. The objective of this research study is to highlight the effects of the credit management on the profitability of the company as well as to highlight the advantages of effective and efficient management of trade credit amongst others. Furthermore, this research work will be of immense significance to the staff of Unilever Nig. Plc Aba as well as the students and the researcher since it aims at providing effective means of reducing default in collection of accounts.

Also, research questions like; could a company’s liquidity problem be attributed to bad debt? On the average, how long do you allow credit to customers? Etc. research instrument used were questionnaires for the purpose of obtaining the desired result. In treating and analyzing the data collected, an extensive use of tabular information and percentages were of great importance. In the light of the findings and conclusions of this work, the following recommendations are put up: that then should be a regular review of credit policies to suit the changes in the business environment and that an enquiry unit should be established to take responsibility for prospective credit’s assessments amongst others

THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ON THE CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

[A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC]

The research work “The impact of Financial Accounting Reporting on the corporate performance of Business Organizations”, basically aims at ascertaining how financial accounting reporting has helped in advancing the objectives of corporate organizations. In the process, it investigated the effected that financial accounting bear on the performance of a business. Furthermore, if sought to ascertain the compliance of relevant statues by corporate organizations and the overall satisfaction of stakeholders in a corporate organizations. The study obtained its data basically from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources of data collection employed were questionnaire, oral interview and observations, while the secondary sources of data included textbooks, journals. in the analysis of the data collected, the chi-square was used to analyze the responses gathered.

The study revealed that a loot of problems were inherent in financial reporting ranging from non-disclosure of vital information, subjective judgments of prepares of the financial information and most times non-compliance to relevant statues. There were recommendations given such as strict compliance to the relevant statute were made to the companies, the government needs to strengthen its regulatory agencies in order to ensure that the financial statements show a “true and fair view and comply with the relevant statues at all times.

TAX INCENTIVES CATALYST FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Tax studies have become increasingly sophisticated especially during the past decade and have yielded conflicting results as regards the tax matter. Some studies focus on the cost and benefit of tax incentives while a few look at whether public funds could have been better spent or if tax incentives were economically justified. Tax studies offer little guidance to policy makers who are concerned about tax rates or tax offerings and the effectiveness of employing tax incentives as an economic and developmental
tool.
The mode by which industrial development and economic growth can be effectively, efficiently, stimulated and developed is very demanding. As a result of this, the government charges less tax and gives tax holidays in order to encourage investments and economic activities in those areas which help to improve production capabilities, activate economic growth as well as the allocation of resources in a socially desirable manner.

Investors often emphasize on the relative importance of a good tax system in investment decisions compared with other considerations such as political and economic stability, availability of social infrastructure, security of the life and property and also the general cost of doing business and so on. To the prospective investor, the general feature of a tax system (tax base rate) is more important than the tax incentives in many developing countries. The tax laws are not clearly written and may be subject to frequent review which makes long-term planning difficult for businesses and add to the perceived risks of undertaking major capital intensive projects.

THE IMPACT OF ACCOUNTANCY INFORMATION ON DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN NIGERIA

At independence, Nigeria joined the committee of nation with the hope for a better tomorrow. We were able to feed ourselves and were of course almost self-sufficient. Subsequently our hopes seemed unattainable. We seem to be going deeper and deeper into the woods. The consensus is that it has been bad for Nigeria. Due to the adverse economic condition prevailing in the country many businesses have closed, shops and even financial institutions are being declared distressed at alarming rate. Businesses that are yet to be submerged or that want to stay afloat employ all kind of strategies. Some increase price, adopt promotional tools, engage in aggressive marketing etc. whereas others goes for an odd combination of activities and even undergo different kind of small business to survive.
Any business or individual that wants to survive must make the right decision. The era of mile of thumb is gone; employing it is a sure way to fail absurdly.

The price of any conceivable item from garri and bread to radio and book not to mention petrol has been soaring in geometric proportions over the year. The economy is truly in distress. These compounds and complicates intricate are the problem of the organisation vis-à-vis effective planning and decision making processes. Other factors such as stagflation, taxation, economic and political problem are the major problem which affects information and decision making. The future orientation is what most company and bank get from making accounting decision .the computation and interpretation of analytical ratios from financial statement enable bank to determine their operation trends and provide a basis for management decision making. Other users of financial analysis are used in making financial decision and achieving the goal of sustainability determines compliance with regulatory requirements. Financial analysis is an investment that has positive return in the future on how decision will be made, how to manage the finances to achieve the strategic goals of the institution through decision making

EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE)

This research study examines the Effect of Information Technology on the Efficiency of Tax Administration in Nigeria, a case Study of Enugu State Board of Internal Revenue. Its main objective is to find out whether the application of Information Technology increases efficiency on tax administration. For the purpose of this study, the researcher adopted the method of survey Research Design. Data used in this research were gotten from both primary and secondary sources including questionnaires and textbooks respectively. These data were analyzed and presented in tables. Three (3) hypotheses were formulated and tested using the Analysis of variance(ANOVA) method. The findings of this research tend to show that effective tax administration resulting from the application of Information Technology leads to an increase in tax base as more potential taxpayers are drawn into the tax net when there is a conducive environment. It is recommended in this work that enlightenment campaign be made available for the masses and also adequate training for the tax officials on the use of modern technology

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS.

(A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA)

This research work on A Comparative Study of Expenditure Controls method in Government and private Hospitals is aimed at studying and analysing the different methods of expenditure control that is being adopted by these hospitals, their practical application and their level of effectiveness. It is aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis of two hospitals. To achieve the aim of this research, secondary data through textbooks and journals were used to review some of the related literatures. Equally, questionnaires, interview and observation, which sought to find out facts needed for analysing, were used. The questionnaires were analyzed by simple percentages while hypothesis were tested using chi- square statistics. The findings of the analysis indicate among others that the method of expenditure control used by both hospitals are not the same; The daily control method for private hospitals and the vote card method for Government Hospitals. The different methods of expenditure control used by the two hospitals are effective, but with slight loopholes associated with vote card method. I recommend among others that both hospitals should adhere strictly to authorization procedure for drug purchased and materials purchases. Both hospitals should exhibit high degree of cash management and employ competent personnel for proper and efficient expenditure control.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND MANUAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

This research study is a comparative analysis of computerized accounting system and manual accounting system with reference to Ama breweries plc. and African petroleum plc. all in Enugu state. It is a survey research. The study is a comparative evaluation of computerized accounting system and manual accounting system to ascertain which one is more effective and efficient than the other. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources which include the use of questionnaires, personal observations, text books, journals and internet. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using Z-test statistics, while questionnaires were analyzed in tabular form using simple percentage. It was discovered that software accounting system is expensive to run, software accounting system handles larger volume of data than manual accounting system and software accounting system encourages fraud, and funds can be lost in organization with the use of software accounting system. As a result of the comparison between manual accounting system and computerized accounting system, to attain a larger volume of data and work accuracy in a shorter period it is better for organizations to use computerized accounting system to increase their efficiency. Those studying accounting as a profession should be introduced to both the theoretical and practical aspect of software accounting and to reduce funds lost through frauds and forgeries managers and accountants should provide software developers with progressive information relating to their business activities.

A critical analysis on value for money audit on public sector of an organization.

Auditing has existed as long as man has been required to account for their transactions. A famous example is in St. Mathew’s Gospel (Chapter 25) when the rich man went on a journey and delivered his goods to a servant to look after them while he was away. On his return, he asked each of these servants to account for the goods with which he had been entrusted.
In the ancient ages, great land owners would not manage their own land, but would appoint stewards to manage their own land for them. The account of these land owners were checked by having them called out by those who gave them to those in authority (land owners) for hearing otherwise called stewardship accounting.
Auditing can be defined as the process of an independent examination of vouchers, internal control system and financial statements of an organization by a person or a group of persons called auditors so that the auditors can form and express opinion whether the vouchers, internal control system and financial statement, give a true and fair view of the organization.

Auditing is carried in both the public and private sectors. In the case of public sector, there are two foremost types of audit that are carried out namely: Regulatory audit and financial audit and the third type is value for money (VFM) audit which is yet to be fully integrated in most part of the world.

AN ASSESSMENT OF COST PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN PRIVATIZED PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA.

Despite an impressive level of privatization activity across Africa and the upsurge in search of the operating performance of privatized firms in both develop and developing economies, our empirical knowledge of the privatization program in Africa is limited. The purpose of this study is to appraise the post privatization cost and operating performance as well as accountability of some privatized public enterprises in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted for the study, sixty five internal audit and thirty five accounting. Totally one hundred was randomly sampled and stratified among the staff of Oando plc Enugu state. Three research questions and hypothesis tested at 0.05 percent level of significance guided the study. Frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation were employed to answer the research questions while Z-test statistics were used to test the hypothesis. It was found that privatization of unipetrol has led to efficient and improved cost performance, and proper accountability to share holders. We conclude and recommend among others that effective cost performance and proper accountability to share holders is very necessary in privatized public enterprises and that government should prive the entire necessary enabling environment for the privatized company to carry out their activities without unnecessarily increasing their cost.

AUTOMATED FORENSIC AUDITING AND FRAUD CONTROL IN NIGERIA

The topic “Automated forensic auditing and fraud control in Nigeria” is a critical concept in modern days accounting, and our country Nigeria is not left out in its practice. This research aims at pointing out the rationale behind fraudulent practices as well as examining the role of automated forensic auditing on fraud control. A survey research design was adopted for this research study and the sample size was selected using Taro Yamane sampling technique as data used were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Four research questions were formulated out of which three hypotheses were tested using the (ANOVA) statistical technique. From the analysis, the major findings derived were that; Automated forensic auditing has significant relationship with fraud control as it helps in the detection and prevention of fraud; There are measures employed to solve the problems of insufficient documented materials necessary for investigating suspects as it helps to foster investigative process; There are standards set for improving on techniques used for obtaining evidence. Conclusively, it can be said that fraud control in Nigeria cannot do without forensic accounting; fraud detection may not be possible in Nigeria if management of different levels are not committed to do an indebt study of a financial statement i.e. having a physical check of assets and liabilities. It was recommended that; The internal control system of every organizations should be strengthened through regular audit; training of forensic auditors should be done regularly, and also seminars should be organized to encourage the use of automated tools.

BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL AS TOOLS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

This research work was focused on investigation on the use of budgeting and budgetary control as tools for accountability in government parastatals. ( A case study of Enugu State Housing Development Corporation). Budgetary control is a quantitative expression of plane of action prepare in advance of period to which it relate. The organization is face with the problem of lack of budgeting while planning and controlling their activities. The objective of the study is to determine if budgeting and budgetary control affect the quality of services delivery in government parastatals. The research also aims at determining if budgetary control contribute to the improvement of management efficiency and high productivity. Data were collected from primary and secondary source. Secondary source of data were collected from textbooks, periodic articles and journals. Questions were distributed as well as personal interviews with functional and departmental heads were conducted. The sample size of 60 were used and was chosen among the number of department / section using Bowleys proportional allocation formula Data were analyzed using table and simple percentage, hypothesis were tested using chi-square statistics. We discovered among other things that budgeting and budgetary control affect the quality of service delivery in government parastatals. It was also revealed that budgeting and budgetary control contributes to the improvement of management efficiency and high productivity. In line with the above, we recommend among other things that the budget plan and preparation should be a corporate duty of the unit heads with head of department in the corporation, improving legislation, realistic budget target. Adherence in the budgeting provision should be practiced by top management.

BUDGETING AS AN INSTRUMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL IN A MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATION

An efficient budgeting control system is one that produces the desired result. A balanced budget is the one that produces no variances but to achieve this, we are left to contemplation rather than a reality. This has become the problem of most of our manufacturing concerns in Nigeria. This study investigated the budget control and execution in manufacturing concerns in Nigeria with a view of appraising their efficiency. Out of a population of one hundred and fifty six drawn from the manufacturing concern, seventy eight were selected as the sample size using statistical sample tools (Taro Yamani). A questionnaire was designed and distributed to elicit information from the sample population; also data was sourced through primary and secondary sources. These data collected were presented and analyzed by means of tables and percentages. The hypotheses adduced were tested using such tools as chi-square. It was observed that manufacturing concerns do plan their profit so as to minimize losses though the procedure is not religiously carried out. However, it was discovered that the procedure is inadequate and inefficient. An inadequate budget procedure and execution causes a high accumulation of inventory thereby tying down the capital which could have yielded greater profit to the organization. Therefore there is need for the proper control of budgets in manufacturing concerns as to minimize losses and maximize profits.

EFFECTSOF MISREPRESTATION OF INFORMATION IN A FINANCIAL SATTEMENT

The concept of misrepresentation of information in the financial statement tends to examine those items that can alter the financial affairs of on the financial concern (or an entity), audited by an auditor based on the financial statement presented by the manager on the basis of true and fair view. The establishment or introduction of the joint stock company increased the supply of capital for commerce and industry. It was therefore, necessary for the owners of the company obviously known as shareholders to delegate some of their numbers to act as Board of Directors (BOD) to take care of daily activities of the business concern.
The joint stock company act of 1844 in Britain was the first legislation, which requires that all incorporated companies or business should have the result of their daily activities known as the financial statement to be examined by an auditor. Later developments required that the auditor must be independent of his client, and be professionally qualified to enable him (the auditor) express a qualified opinion on the financial statement without bias.
Auditing was meant to serve for many purposes. So, there should not be any form of fraud, error, or misrepresentation in audited accounts in order not to create

conflict between the interest groups. The critical examinations of its effects are the basis for this works. The auditor over the years played the role of instilling confidence in the public at large by revealing facts about companies, which would otherwise be hidden to avoid misrepresentation and false information. England in 1900 made it legally compulsory for every company or any organization to appoint an auditor through acts of parliament.

EFFECT OF PUBLISIZED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ON SHAREHOLDERS INVESTMENT DECISIONS

Each person like every business requires some measures of both financial position and financial performance in assessing his financial conditions. The financial position depicts one’s wealth at ascertain point in time while one’s financial performance describes once.
Financial statements according to Illoumezie (2006:33) are like compasses “which navigators use to locate their bearing and find direction”. People use them to gauge their financial positions at various points in their lives in order to judge their progress towards their financial goals.
Financial statements according to meigs and meigs (1981:28) refers to reports which summarize the financial position and operating results of a business (balance sheet and income statements). It referred to as genera purpose that satisfy the need of many groups generally called stakeholders. These groups are particularly concerned with the risk inherent in and returns provided by their investments, and who require accounting information to enable their assess the ability whether they should buy, hold and sell their investments.
According to Anayaogu (2002:14) financial accounting provides information to eternal decision makes such as shareholders government, creditors, employees etc, these are people with whom or from whom money is ultimately paid or received. Anayaogu (2002:20) also states that records of

EEFECTIVE INTERNAL AUDIT AS A PANACEA TO EFFICIENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADIMINISTRATION and Fraud control.

s
Globally the role of auditing is being appreciated for its avowed operations and activities. Ihe and Umeaka(2006:370) defined auditing “as a process carried out by suitably qualified auditors during which the accounting records and the financial statements of an organization are subjected to examination by an independent auditor with the main objective of expressing an opinion in accordance with the relevant terms of appointmentpurpose” they also noted that the objectives of auditing were grouped into two

EFFECTS OF STANDARD COSTING ON THE PROFITABILITY OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES

The topic of this research is effects of standard costing on the profitability of a manufacturing company. The purpose of this study was to discover if the application of standard costing techniques have any effect on profitability, to explore the relationship between standard costing and the profitability of manufacturing companies and also to determine whether standard costing techniques and principles are being adopted and practiced in Nigerian manufacturing companies (Nigerian breweries, Ama Eke, Udi local government of Enugu state). The design of this study is descriptive survey method and the study was conducted at Nigerian breweries, Ama which is the case study of this research work. The instrument of data collection was analyzed using the chi-square method. The researcher discovered the following as her data findings that proper accounting records are kept and are significantly necessary in the management of the company. That the company employs standard costing in costing their product and decisions are made with the standard costing information obtained in the company. That accounting reports are prepared and presented to the company’s management and that actions are taken promptly on the information given in the report. That effective application of standard costing has effect on the profitability of the company. That the company benefit in a significant way through the use of standard costing especially in the improvement of profit. The researcher came to a conclusion that standard costing is widely used in Nigerian manufacturing companies and that standard costing enhances adequate planning, control and decision making processes in the company. That standard costing aids manufacturing companies in the elimination of unprofitable products, provision of costing information and cost control.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PROFIT PLANNING IN NIGERIA ORGANISATION.

In modern economies, prices are generally expressed in units of some form of currency. Although, prices could be quoted as quantities of other goods and services (BARTER SYSTEM). Prices are sometimes quoted in terms of vouchers such as trading stamps. Price sometimes refers to the quantity of payment requested by a seller of goods or services rather than the actual payment amount.
One of the most crucial operating decisions management must make is establishing a setting price for its products but this is quiet unfortunately that many firms are still mismanaging pricing causing lots of money and anticipated profit to be unexplored and wasted.
In many financial transactions, it is customary to quote prices in other ways. The requested amount is sometimes called the asking or selling price, while actual payment may be called the transn of unprofitable products, provision of costing information and cost contro

EFFECTS OF BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN EXTRACTING INDUSTRY.

The main aim of this write up is to throw more light on the review of budgeting control in a extracting industry. This research purely base on budget as an instrument of control in an organization and also as a means of highlighting the role of budget in any establishment and society at large. Data were collected for this research work were from both secondary and primary source. With the population of 180,questionnaire were administered and interview conducted for a sample size of 180 persons made up of staffs of the corporation .in any attempt to make the research meaningful and comprehensive the researcher has to divide the entire work into five chapters.which comprises of the deal with the introduction where the researcher give a brief discussion of the concept statement of problem, limitation and scope of the study.and also comprises of the literature review which deals with definitions of term classification, important of the subject matter “budget” with the following chapter deals on research methodology which explains the research design and also forms the basis for data collection.also states the analysis and interpretation of data and also shows that the hypothesis was tested, the concluding chapter throws more light on the work by summarizing the work and given the recommendation.

EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

INVENTORY CONTROL AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR COST CONTROL IN AN ORGANISATION

The topic of this research work is inventory control as an effective tool for cost control in an organization using Cadbury Nigeria plc as a case study. Inventory control can be defined as the implementation of management’s inventory policies in a manner that assures that the goal of inventory management is met. The management of various companies is faced with the problem of at what level inventory should be held in order to have a healthy operation that is optimal stock level that will minimize the cost of stocks the (ordering and holding costs). The researcher objective is to know the effectiveness of inventory control on cost control. In this course of carrying this research work various techniques or methods of data collection were used. They include questionnaires, interviews and observations. A sample size of 73 workers in Cadbury Nigeria plc was also used and was chosen among the number of department/sections of worker using Bowley’s proportional allocation formula. The researcher makes use of three hypotheses in this study to analyze the research project. The researcher made used of Z-test in testing the formulated hypothesis. The researcher used the descriptive statistical tools (tables, figures and percentages) in the presenting and analyzing the data generated from this study. From the analysis, the researcher finds out that effective management of inventory will help a firm to control its cost and contribute to the actualization of a firm organizational goal. The researcher therefore recommends that organization should apply the technique of inventory control with the objective of cost control so as to enable the goal of profit maximization to be attained.

INTERNAL CONTROL AS AN AID TO ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR.

In this study internal control as an aid to accountability in the public sector was researched on using Biase local government area, cross river state as the case study. The major objective of the study was to find out and understand how internal control aids accountability in the public sector and to explain those relevant topics, which will enable any reader to understand and appreciate the important of how internal control aids accountability. Questionnaires were constructed for the purpose of data collection. The constructed questionnaires were administered to the various departments of Biase local government area. A field study was used to test and establish the validity of the hypotheses. Hence data was carefully analyzed with the aid of simple percentages. The hypotheses were then tested by using chi-square and decision rule which was used in the conclusions. The major findings revealed that, internal control provides desired results in the public sectors; internal control provides for preventing and detecting embezzlement, fraud and errors, for reasonable accounting of liabilities, expenses, revenue and assets. In conclusion, the researcher observed that internal control system has a significant positive impact on every establishment’s profitability and survival. No organization, regardless of the nature and size can operate successfully without an adequate and effective system of internal control and accountability. For effective application of internal control these recommendations were made. That good, complete and integrated system of accounting should be established. Written manual of accounts operational procedures should be set out. There should be adequate forms and documents with some control features. Accounting system should emphasis employee competence and duties assigned should be commensurate capabilities. Finally, public sectors should effectively utilize the information or reports given to it by internal audit department in handling its financial affairs.

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMME ON ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES.

Before the “Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)” can be clearly defined, one must have a better understanding of the situation into which it was introduced. At the conclusion of a Debate/Symposium on “Devaluation” held in 1982 at the Institute of International Affairs, the consensus emerged that the economic problem of Nigeria was structural.
The intention of SAP is to adjust the structure of the Nigerian economy, but what is the structure of the economy and why does it need adjustment? The relevant dictionary meaning of the word “structure” is “the arrangement or interrelation of all part of a whole”.
At the summary of overall economic level which the economist call “The macro level”, the structure f the economy is its composition as seen through the shares or proportion of the various component parts or economic aggregated, in the total sum of goods and services produced in a period usually a year.
Therefore, the structure of the economy is shown by the shares of the various economic sectors in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Just like any other theory, accountants have discovered that they need to make certain assumption before they can prepare financial statements. These

assumptions, which underline the preparation of financial statements, are also known as principles, postulates, conventions, concepts, and standards etc. The originate from such concepts as entity, going-concern, periodicity realisation, matching, consistency and historical cost concept.

EVALUATION OF FRAUD CONTROL MEASURES IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

The purpose of this topic evaluation of fraud control measures in Nigerian banking sector [a case study of central bank of Nigeria, Kaduna branch] is to aimed at finding practical means of eliminating, reducing the incidence of fraud in our banking
industries and researcher used both primary and secondary source. Questionnaire and order interview were administered on a population of 350 person made up of both staff of central bank and management, the findings derives from respondents indicate that poor internet system not greed is the main cause of fraud in the
Nigerian banking and recommendation and solution of fraud is a means of
segregation of duties, were officer that past entry should not be responsible for
checking with compulsory annual holiday for all member of the staffs and
organization procedure, development of a good organization structure and career opportunity for staff so as to have dedicated loyal staff and contented with force and good training programme is important for staff at all levels.

FEDERALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

This research is basically designed to ascertain and analyze the various problems of federalism and Nation-building in Nigeria. This work will adopt the use of secondary source of data as the main method of data collection. Certain literature, which seem to be relevant to the study were consulted and reviewed adequately. To ensure reliability, some hypotheses were posited and there are first, the problems facing Nigeria federalism and nation-building. Another is the nature of prolonged military rule in Nigeria. Finally, appropriate measures for nation-building to empower federal structure in the future. It is clear that any nation which is not united or nationally build through fiscal federal system or federalism will not achieve any good set objectives that will be based on common of its citizenry. So the issue of this study is to identify and solve those problems that hinders nation-building through the introduction of fiscal federalism in Nigeria. The hypotheses were validated. With those problems of federalism and nation-building still hanging on, a very precarious situation and this nation will definitely destroy its citizenry and keep them disintegrated and thereby defeating the rationale behind the adoption of fiscal federalism in Nigeria.

EVALUATION OF VALUE FOR MONEY AUDIT, AS A TOOL FOR FRAUD CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR (A STUDY OF POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA

The scope of governmental auditing has been widened over the year by the demand for independent verification of information to the extent that it can no longer be limited to the audit of financial operations, but value for money audit which ensures that the activities and programs are carried out at low cost and high standard. Lack of commitment in cost efficiency to the overall achievement of goals by the managers in the public sector brought the need of this research work titled “Evaluation of value for money audit as tool for fraud control in the public sector”. The aim was to ascertain whether government auditing achieves the purposes for which programs are authorizes and funds released economically and efficiently in accordance with applicable law and regulations. A survey research design was adopted for the study with sample size of 100 respondents randomly sample and stratified from Audit and finance department of PHCN (Abuja). Three hypotheses were tested at 5% level of significance using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics. it was found that value for money audit play a vital role in promoting the effectiveness and efficiency of activities in the public sector the researcher recommend that government should support the implementation of policies formulated to enhance value for money audit in the public sector.

FEDERALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

INTERNAL AUDIT AS A TOOL IN ACHIVING ORGANISATIONA OBJECTIVES

The system of controls adopted in any economy greatly determines the development and growth of that economy. To ensure optimization in money, materials, machine, time, resources and management of men, controls are essential.

These controls are installed by many organisations including banks to check how effective and efficient they maximize their resources. One of such controls commonly used to minimize wastage and guide plan to their eventual accomplishment is “INTERNAL AUDITING”.

Auditing has been in existence for many years, it was in ancient Egypt and the great mercantile establishment of the middle ages. This shows that internal auditing can neither be neglected nor under rated in our modern economy for it was borne of the complexities of modern business dominate and transactions involved. In that, other management of various large businesses, organisations and government concern recognised internal auditing as valuable machinery and achieving and objective deemed accurate at a point in time.

THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR.

This research work deals with the challenges of internal audit function in the Nigerian public sector with reference to Kaduna state ministry of finance. Internal auditing is a process generally adopted towards ensuring and safeguarding of resources and promoting operational efficiency in organization. The objective of this study has been to evaluate the internal control system in the Nigerian public sectors, to ascertain the non- implementation of routine audit report and the lack of proper segregation and assignment of duties. In recent times, a combination of forces has led to a quiet revolution in the profession. Government moving towards democracy must demonstrate accountability in the use of public money and efficiency in the delivery of service. In many cases internal control system are weak, staffs are poorly paid making them unmotivated, coupled with non- implementation of routine audit report by appropriate authorities. The Responses from staffs were analyzed using relevant statistical tools from which three hypothesis were formulated and tested using Z-test statistics, while questionnaire were analyzed in tabular form using simple percentage. It was discovered that the internal audit is facing a lot of challenges which includes inadequate staffing, lack of independence, lack of facilities to carry out audit function and also poor funding. As a result of some of these challenges the effectiveness of the internal audit in the Nigerian public sectors, has been hindered as well as the organizational change it can bring to its environment. I recommend that for internal audit to be effective, it must be a completely independent group, adequately funded and equipped with qualified internal auditors as well as sufficient opportunities for internal auditors to become qualified.

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

This research is on the challenges of cost benefit analysis in a computerized Accounting System. The purpose of this study is to enquire into the viability or other wise of computerized accounting Systems, with particularly reference to coca-cola Bottling Company, Enugu. The objective of the study is to ascertain if the introduction computer system may lead to industrial unrests as workers resists change. Also, the method used in this study is chi-square while the findings in the process of this research work is the implementation of computerization of coca-cola bottling Plc Enugu and also the recommendation for the work is that the company should motivate its personnel more on the use of computers.

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON THE NIGERIA MAUFACTURING SECTOR(1986-2010)

This paper examines the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the Nigerian manufacturing sector during a twenty five (25) years period (1986 – 2010). The argument is that fluctuation in exchange rate adversely affects output of manufacturing sector. This is because Nigerian manufacturing is highly dependent on import of input and capital goods. The methodology adopted for this study is empirical. The econometric tool of regression was used for the analysis. The population target of this study is the total number of 25 years from (1986 – 2010) (25) annual time series as data relating to other years after 2010 are not available. The used in this study is the secondary source of data. The data to be utilized in this study we be sourced through library research, publications of the Central Bank of Nigerian (CBN) i.e. statistic bulletin, National Bureau of Statistic(NBS), on line information and economic journals. Based on the findings, the researcher found out that exchange rate has no significant effect on economic growth of Nigeria also that there is no significant effect of fluctuation on exchange rate on the manufacturing sector. Some recommendations for policy were made based on the findings. Amongst others is the need to strengthen the link between agriculture and manufacturing?s sector through local sourcing of raw materials thereby reducing reliance of the sector on import of input to a reasonable level

THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL AUDIT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE FIRM A STUDY OF ANAYLSIS

THE EFFECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA

1 Tax is a financial issue and its payment is a civil duty. It is the imposition of a financial burden for the government on individual firm and companies. In general based, the word tax means any contribution imposed by the government upon individual and companies for the use of government to provide facilities or services as rendered by the state. It is not a voluntary payment or donation but an enforced contribution made on the pronouncement or directive of legislative authorities.

Osita (2004:1) stated, taxation may be define as the compulsory leave by the government through it’s various agencies in the income, capital or consumption of it’s subject such as salaries, business profits, interest, dividends, commission regularities, rent etc.

RELEVANCE OF FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS IN THE APPRAISAL OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS

This research work examined the relevance of financial ratio analysis in the appraisal of small scale business with particular reference to Mr. Biggs fast food in cross river state. The study examined the establishing of the extent to which accounting ratio can be used to interpret accounting records of small scale business, finding and analysing the meaning of financial ratio analysis to the researcher knowledge and understanding of financial statement of the company, to establish the effect of ratio analysis on the users of financial statement and to highlight available ratios for measuring the true state of performance of company. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources, while primary data was collected by the use of questionnaires; the secondary data were based on readings from textbooks, internet and journals. Data from the response to questionnaire was presented using the statistical tool Chi- square. From the analysis, the findings showed that non challant attitude in the use of financial statement affects small scale business; obsolete use of data affects small scale business and also that lack of competent management affect small scale business. It was however recommended that the retained earnings of the small scale
business should be properly invested in order to have more capital for business

SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTERNAL AUDITOR’S ON THE EXAMINATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

This study was to assess the significance external auditor?s in the examination of financial statement of first Bank of Nigeria Plc., Enugu. The banking sector in Nigeria and elsewhere in recent times have become so diversified, challenging, highly competitive and has been characterized by persistent, fraud, errors and misappropriation of funds in the bank, the impact of which has undoubtedly shaken the whole economy of the nation. For this work to be effectively and efficiently carried out the use of primary and secondary methods was adopted for the collection of data, where in primary data, the researcher designed and advanced questionnaires to first Bank Enugu for collection of primary data while secondary data was gotten from textbooks, journals, manuals lecture notes, etc. the data collected from the questionnaire was analyzed in tables with simple percentage and interpreted for the understanding of the study the formulated hypothesis were tested using Z – test formula. The result of the study shows that, external auditors examination of first banks financial statement or records aids in checking and monitoring as well as stopping frauds errors, misappropriation of funds in the Banks. Recommendations were made to the management of First
Bank of Nigeria Plc, Abuja.

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON THE NIGERIA MAUFACTURING SECTOR(1986-2010)

THE EFFECTS OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF NIGERIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

There has been a persisting challenges of accountability and transparency in local government councils in Nigeria. The objective of this study has been to ascertain whether accountability and transparency has put to check the circumvention of due process in financial and non-financial activities of the Local government council in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted for the study, 55 Adminstrative management and 30 internal auditing totaling 85 was randomly sampled and stratified among members of staffs in local government out of 108 population sample. Three research questions and hypothesis testeed at 0.05 percent levelof significance guided to study. Frequencies, percentages, Means and standard derviation were employeed to answer the research question while Z-test statistics were used to test the hypotheses. It was discovered that the process of accountability and transparency has affected the official and non-official financial behavourial attitudess of council staffs in Nigeria. It was recommended that there should be adequate senstisation through, workshops seminars and lectrures on the
need for accountability and transparency in the government System.

THE EFFECTS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

The research topic of this study is “The Effect of Computerized Accounting System on the Performance of in Banking Industry – a study of selected banks in Enugu Metropolis. The purpose is to know whether the application of Computerized Accounting System superceeds that of manual Accounting System, and that if computerized Accounting System enhance higher turnover and profitability, and also whether a computerized accounting system is an effective means of keeping accounting records. The study population is 70 persons who are the members of the staff of the three major selected banks. Using the Taro Yamene’s formula the sample size calculated gave (60). The formulated hypothesis were tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique at 5% level of significance. The researcher also made use of primary methods of data collection which included questionnaire and personal interview. Also the secondary method of data collection used was gotten from official documents of the banks, various research work on computerized accounting system, accounting journals, textbooks and Caritas University Amorji – Nike, Emene, Enugu State library. Based on these, the researcher recommended that banks in Enugu Metropolis should channel most of their resources in the training and development of bankers and Accountants personnel in computerized accounting system related technology such as I.C.T to boost performance in their banking operations and their personnel. Also due to the widespread of computer trends and its dynamics nature, it is recommended that banks in Enugu metropolis who are still battling with manual system should adopt specifically the Computerized Accounting System.

The effect of financial accounting reporting on managerial decision-making

Financial reports provides an overview of a business profitability and financial condition in both short and long term. They are necessary sources of accounting information about companies for wide variety of users. In. every business, there, needs information. This information needs ranges from financial, production, marketing etc. Generally, the larger the organization the greater the management need for information. Financial report plays a vital role in decision making process of business organizations. The main purpose of financial repots is the provision of financial information as a record making. It has been said that accounting is the language of business. It might also be said that the ability to apply accounting knowledge is critical to success in business: A business prepares various report at the end of each fiscal period. This report summarizes the changes that have taken place during the period. For this financial report to be useful, the data be presented in such a way that the user will recognize, Similarities, differences and trends form one period to another to enable them make decisions. The accounting information contained in the financial reports enables management to make more inform decisions. Financial report

should provide adequate information in all areas of organization and economic activities; it should be able to disclose clearly the nature and accurate accounts of the transactions fun which the true and fair view financial position of the organization can be ascertained. Financial reports serve a lot of useful purpose to different users namely, shareholders, Creditors, Banks, government agents, employees, potential investors and the management of the entity it self. The above identified groups of persons rely on the information supplied by the given firm through financial reporting in which they have interest to ascertain the organization?s state of affairs which serves as an important guide in deciding the extent to which they commit their fund. It is the “communication of financial information useful for decision making such as investment, credit and other business decisions” such communication include, general. Purpose financial statement, balance sheet, equity report, cash flow reports and notes to these statements.

THE EFFECTS OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY USING THE PROBIT MODEL

The broad objective of this research work is to take a critical look at the principle of total quality management so as to find out how its implementation will affect an organisation?s productivity and profitability. For the purpose of this study, the researcher limited its data to those of the Skye Bank Plc and her customers. The researcher used survey method to investigate the effects of Total Quality Management on productivity using the probit model: a case study of Skye Bank Plc Edo State.

“The Effect of Internal Audit on the Performance of the Private Firm ”

Internal audit is a management tool used in ensuring transparency in conduct of business. Auditing took the entire stage after the industrial revolution since before this period, transactions increased, precipitated by the development of large corporations, limited liability companies, there became the need for divorce of ownership from control. Hence mangers and shareholders became two different partners. Then it became apparent for mangers to render accounts of their stewardship to those who has pooled their resources together for the business .it is noteworthy that an independent person be appointed to represent the interest of the shareholders in reviewing the report of mangers to ensure accuracy and transparency. This is how auditing started.
We have two types of sectors. Public and Private sectors. Public sector is the governments initiate and control in economic activities with the aim of rendering services at a breakeven point.
accounting information for decision making in public sector organization using Bank of Agriculture, as a case study
One of the most effective uses of accounting information is decision making. Decision making has being described as a purposeful choosing from a number of alternative causes of action.
The accounting information provides managers with the necessary information they need. In this case, it is the accountants that provide the information with which the management uses for its decision making. Managements can only come up with a good decision if they are able to get correct accounting information from the accountant. In a situation where the accountant does not provide correct information: this is bond to affect the decision making of the management adversely.
The question now is, how business executive know the company is embarking on a favorable decision or unfavorable one. The answer to this question is based on the management and the accounting information.

THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANT TO COST CONTROL AND PROFIT PERFORMANCE IN AN ORGANIZATION

Accountants have been bestowed with the role of providing information to the management regarding the affairs of the organization in particular and to the stakeholders in general. Internally, in manufacturing organization, management has always relied on the management accountant for cost evaluation and performance efficiencies of cost element. This role of management accountant to the management has been in doubt because of incessant increase in the cost elements of goods manufactured in Nigeria which in cause has resulted in constant increase in the price of goods. The aim of this research study is to evaluate the role of management accountant to cost control and profit performance in an organization. a quasi-experimental research design was adopted for this research study and the sample size was selected using the Taro Yamane sampling technique. Primary and secondary sources of data were used in collecting information which was analyzed using simple percentages. The hypothesis was tested using chi- square statistical method at 0.05 level of significance for validity and decision making. The findings from the analysis of the research study depicts that organizational strategic managers should rely on management accountant information for decision making. Management of any manufacturing company cannot make profitable decision without quality information. The researcher can confidently conclude based on the findings that the availability of skilled, knowledgeable and informative management accountant in an organizational profit performance promotes productivity. Therefore, this research work recommends that management accountants should provide information on time so as to hasten up in making vital decision because undue delay in decision making will definitely undermine the firms? goal of profit maximization. Also, it recommends that adequate exposure should be given to management accountants through training programmes, appraisal and evaluation of seminars in order to acquaint them with the new technologies in
vogue and keep pace with new knowledge.

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR COST MINIMIZATION AND PROFIT MAXIMIZATION

The objective of this research work contains working capital management as a tool for minimization and profit maximization with particular reference to Anambra motor manufacturing company, Enugu. The research design used was the survey method and the sources of data were both primary and secondary. The primary sources were interviews granted to me while the secondary sources of data were obtained from related literatures viz text books, internet, journals by different authors. Primary sources were from interviews and questionnaires. The data, Hypotheses were tested using chi-square. From the researchers findings, it is seen that profitability of a firm depend on the level of its working capital management. Although working capital management is creating problems in today’s business environment due to global developments of science and applied in business but ANAMMCO tries here best and maintained her liquidity position. The researcher would recommend that seminars and workshops be organized for the staff and management of the company on the effect and merits of effective and efficient working capital management.

THE ETHICS OF TAX EVASION; PERCEPTUAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN AKWA IBOM STATE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of tax evasion to the payment of tax on ethical reasons. A case study of some selected Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State. Extensive review of the existing literature was made and relevant information was extracted. The Design of the study is descriptive field survey and observation method and the study was conducted at the selected Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State. The instrument for data collection is structured questionnaire and the source of data used was primary and secondary sources. The data collected were analyzed using Chi-square test (X2 ). Based on the analysis of this research, the researcher discovered the following as her data findings, that there is widespread ethical support for tax evasion, the study showed varying degree of justification for tax evasion, that tax evasion is ethical sometime and also found that the perceived government corruption can make respondent to evade tax. Therefore, until those underlying cause are addressed, tax evasion may continue to be widespread.

“The impact of accounting information on bank portfolio management

Every commercial bank targets the attainment of its desired objectives. They therefore aim towards efficiency and proper effectiveness in conducting its affairs. However, the level of this efficiency and effectiveness of any bank or the extent to which it is able to achieve its desired goals depends to a large extent on the quality of the available accounting information and on how the bank utilizes the available information.
For any commercial bank to be sure of success in the management of their portfolios in this day’s rapid changing environment, the management and staff must update themselves with every relevant and current accounting information that will be beneficial in determining the predetermined goals. Management must therefore plan the course of action of the bank by identifying the long, medium and short term goals based on the detailed analysis of feasibility, bearing in mind the socio-economic and political situation that might affect the plans to be achieved.
Optimal bank portfolio management is a continuous struggle of maintaining a balance between liquidity, profitability and risk. Banks need liquidity because such a large portion of their liabilities are payable on demand. The decision to choose one combination of portfolio over another, given the liquidity size and capital accounts of

the bank would have direct and significant effect on bank’s profitability, liquidity and risk.

The impact of information technology in accounting system ,

Before now, business Success was built on the ability to move goods and services with speed and accuracy. Today, information has become the fuel that powers business Success .In contemporary Cooperate world, information technology is deployed to gain competitive edge.

Information technology has been defined as the processing and distribution of data using computer hard ware, software, telecommunication, and digital electronic (Encarta Encyclopedia: 2004).

Therefore it is now obvious that computer component of information technology can no longer stand alone without the combination of other component. However, management planning and control responsibilities are also par amount to a successful enterprise and they represent a mandatory of an Organization to progress and survive in today highly unpredictable and competitive business environment. The projected plan of operation must be decisive and dynamic timely, intelligent planning must be predicated on current known fact and a thorough analysis and realistic approach to inevitable Feature probabilities .These key requirement for planning directions will lead to Business probability and an equitable return on investment, which are the objective of a successful management.

The Influence of Accountant in the Implementation of best practice

Corruption and looting of public treasury is a major problem in the public sector accounting. Report from office of statistics Lagos show that our accounting records are balanced in arrears and our financial records are hardly balanced daily, weekly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly basis as appropriate. This was evidenced by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo during his first maiden address to the nation immediately he was sworn-in as the President of the federal republic of Nigeria on the 29th day of May 1999. He stressed that accountability, probity and transparency has suffered a lot set-back especially in the civil service. He therefore suggested that some of the best ways to eliminate this ill in the Nigerian public service are;
The effective use of public accounts;
The use of effective legislation;
The effective implementation of government policies programs; The effective use of auditors of the federal republic of Nigeria among others.
He therefore concluded by saying “when we consider how the public accounting and auditing can grow and develop, we are concerned not only with helping the public accountant or the auditor fill their position, but also with helping the whole

economy and the organizational structure grow and develop” (Obasanjo). The concept should therefore make it wise for us to look more closely at the relationship between Nigeria and other countries of the world. And for Nigeria to be recognized as a corrupt-free economy, the accounting profession must be in a position to balance the financial records of the federal government daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly or yearly basis. This is because members of the public and the international community want to see results, see the economy grow and the professions produce the final output.

THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF COMPANY INCOME TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA.

Every country in the world tends to generate income through tax administration. In Nigeria the company income tax administration aims and tries to tax each company in the state more effectively. However the level at which the company income tax Administration in Nigeria tend to achieve its desired goals and objectives depends mostly on the tax office and the company that is operating in Abia state.
For the tax Administration in Nigeria to be effective the aspect of the companies been taxed should be considered adequately and more accurately so that the company would provide reliable financial performance information for assessment. In which the federal government derives its income.
Due to the ever changing tax administration policies in the country and modifications in the aspect of taxation in Nigeria some companies want to stay afloat and employ all kind of strategies that benefits them. Some of them evade tax and some avoid tax.
When tax in Nigeria is paid by the various companies operating in the state the revenue collected are used to provide utility services and providing additional government services such as in education and transport which are of great importance to the growth of the economy of the state and to the country.

Tax administration in the country is a very important aspect that assist in the provision of revenue to the economy of which the avoidance of tax payment by the companies in the country in general and in Abia state in particular will result to a serious damage to the revenue which should have been generated and used for the provision of infrastructure.
When a company is been taxed by the federal board of inland revenue (FBIR) the company is meant to give an accurate information about their income but some companies go to the extent of forgery in provision of their documents which gives an incorrect information to the board, thereby causing reduction in their tax assessment.
Based on the above observation or trend of this action over time this study set out to examine the problems and prospects of the company income tax administration in Nigeria and in Abia state to be precise.

AN APPRAISAL OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN BANING INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECTS ON BANKS PROFITABILITY

In an evolving Nigeria banking industry, strategies are being adopted by the major players in order to achieve their long term organizational goals profitability and survival. In the light of this belief, much emphasis is being laid on the computerization of their banking operation within the last decade. The Nigerian banking industry has been at the forefront of computerization. This is with the aim of improving their information system, delivery of efficient and high quality service to their customers.
In the advent of the computerization, old generation banks in the industry were force to wake up from their slumber and face reality. The new generation banks came into the industry with innovation research and development in order to push these less competent old once out of business. The revolution was aided by computerization. It is very pertinent to state that computerization is very powerful weapon which can be employed to annihilate competitors. The Nigerian banking sector industry ensure that their data base is updated as at when due. With the 2004 banking reform in Nigeria, the industry has pertinently remained vibrant.
The overall aim of this sanitation effort by professor Charles Chukwuma Soludo was to achieve some macroeconomic objectives, which include the following:
a.    To create a world of banking group through mergers and acquisition aimed at avoiding bank distress.
b.    To consolidate Nigerian banks to manage the country’s external reserve deposited in foreign banks.
c.    To ensure that there is zero tolerance in the regulatory framework
According to Rob Wing (1996) “when a specialist discuss computerization and work, they often appeal to strong implicit image about the transformation of work in the last one hundred years and the role for technology has played in some of these changes”. In view of this, it is quiet imperative to analyze this information in the Nigerian banking industry, and take action to aim at guiding against the problems associated with computerization.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IN PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF STEYR NIGERIA LIMITED BAUCHI)

The Research work focuses on the topic “An Assessment of the Impact of Communication as a Tool for Effective Management in Private Organization.” This research work aims at finding how communication contribute to the achievement of corporate objectives, and to appraise, analyze, evaluate different forms of organizational communication and also to suggest ways of solving communication problems. In other to achieve these objectives, both primary and secondary data where used to obtain the relevant information. The population for the study was 225 staff and 50 staff was used as sample size. The data collected were analyzed using the simple percentage, method of data analysis. From the analysis carried out, the finding revealed that communication is a tool for effective management in an organization. It also shows that organization use more of formal rather than informal channel of communication. Therefore based on the findings the researchers recommended that communication in an organization should be sustained and management should seek to develop a flexible network of communication other than the formal system. This network can be tagged informal.

Effective communication in organization involves a commitment from the top-down to communicate effectively. Organization that communicate effectively expect strong communication from managers to employees, provide training and coaching to managers to help build their communication skills, have ample communication tools for use by managers and employees and measure the effectiveness of their communication efforts. Therefore communication is the transfer of information and knowledge from one person to another. It is the means of unifying organization activities. Communication is said to be very vital tool of management function, infact, the live wire of very business organization. It is the means by which behavior is modified, change is affected, information is made productive and goals are achieved. An effective communication system is a pre-requisite for employee’s participation in decision that affects them, without communication capabilities, manageable directions changed policies; processed information could not be transmitted to the affected person. It seems that if an individual can speak, read or write the organization assumes he can communicate. But communication is not just reading writing or speaking; rather it is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another, it should be beared in mind that communication also takes place between organizations, industries, section etc. and not only between people. It is therefore understandable to say that communication is the means and process through which information is convey between people and organizations using previously agreed symbols.

AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRIVATIZATION ON THE NIGERIA ECONOMY

(A CASE STUDY OF POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA)

This research project was carried out in order to find the fort of privatization of public sector on the Nigeria economy. PHCN was chosen as the case study. To that effect, two hypotheses were postulated to be tested so as to accept or reject. They are: the privatization and commercialization have improved the efficiency of the public sector. As such that privatization and commercialization is not responsible for the improved efficiency of the public sector. Data for this research was obtained from primary and secondary sources, and the findings of this research were therefore based on the questionnaires returned. The percentage method of analyzing data was used to analyse the data gathered. Judging from the response and analysing of interview and findings on the researcher recommended that privatization has boosted the efficiency of the public sector and that prove the first hypothesis.

The classic concept of privatization denotes movement from collective or public actions to private control. It may be seen as the process of converting a publicity operated enterprise into privately own and operated entity. When an entity is privatise shares formerly owned by the government, as well as management control are sold to member of the public. Privatisation may also involve the withdrawal of the state from providing a service directly to the public in favour of the private sector. Privatization so understood, is thus a subject of economy liberalization. The major objective of trade liberalization and privatization is to ensure that barriers to economic development are removed.
It also includes the efficient running of enterprise and provision of better services to customers and consequently improvement in the standard of living of the populace.
Privatization is also defined as the transfer for all part of a government investment over to the private sector. This transfer involves both sales of shares and assets.
Originally, privatization was a feature of development countries; they adopt privatization as more at a political policy rather than a economic policy.
The belief was that the private sector was more effective and efficient in management of asset industries, therefore, the government decides to handover the companies and asset it owns and manage over to the private sector which with its profit oriented motive was expected to perform better in running those companies and asset and hence contribute more economic development of the nation, one this is successful they believed the consolidated with time however, the economic aspect of privatization has dominated the political aspect and today adopted as a major economic reform policy.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

Historically, man has experience an ever increasing need for information and had continued to seek way to meet his needs. The history of accounting has witness the development from the book-keeping stage of the 17th century to later operation of the ledger.
The development of accounting is aimed at keeping proper record of monetary transaction. A manual record system used in the olden days consisted of piece of papers with record not properly prepared and could not be relied upon as a sources of information. The volume of work in the organization becomes too much which lead to slow inefficient service.
This led to the introduction of the application of computer; a more efficient and a fast means of recording, analyzing and processing information within the organization set-up.
The use of computer as an aid to accounting cannot be over emphasized. With the invention of computer, most organization change from manual system to use of computer, which reduce the volumes of work and information. The quality of information form the computer is of formal importance.
The research work therefore, examine financial statement with regard to the performance of accounting system, the study places emphasizes on the significance of information technology has on organization set up in terms of operation efficiency, man power, timely rendering of accurate accounting information for decision making and the inherent problem associated with computerization such as lack of technical knowhow, administration control, control of operation, procedural control, efficient power supply and loss of data processing trial.

IMPACT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ON PERFORMANCE IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST CITY MONUMENT BANK, BAUCHI STATE)

The stiff competition pervading the Nigerian business has forced banks to maintain beneficial relationship with their customers.
This is borne out of the realization that the survival of banks depends to a large extent on repeated patronage by their customer. This relationship depends on the banking service offered to the customers by the banks. Kotler (2004) ascertain that “If the service performance falls below a customer’s expectation the customer is satisfied, if performance exceeds expectations the customer is satisfied, if performance exceeds expectation the customer is delighted”. In this regard customer satisfaction refers to the use of mutual exchanges of services between bankers and their customers in order to achieve set up organizational goals.
    According to Adrian (1980) banking is as old as civilization itself. The Baybylonians developed a complex system of lending and borrowing and holding money on deposit long before 2005 BC. Later in Greece shrines are used to serve as banks. The early Greeks reasoned that no one would incur the wrath of god by stealing money left inside the temple.
Adrain further stressed that, Roman copied the Greek banks, but went even further to offer services for transferring account making loans writing cheques to withdraw funds and various other conveniences with the fall of Rome, however, all financial dealings ceased and during the dark ages, the banking business disappeared in most of Europe, although it continued in parts of Asia and North Africa.
    The word banking according to Adrian (1980) originated during thirteen and fourteen continues, during which banks where re-established in Italy and Green rapidly. Money changes in those days sat behind portable benches in public squares where they display their coins. The word Bank (bench) symbolized the business and was carried over into the Italian word Banco and the French now Banques.
With the revival of trade between Italy and other parts of the world, banks sprang up else where and intricate banking system soon evolved, gradually banks grow in number, size and importance Adrian (1980).
    The modern banks of the 1080’s with the numerable customers services technological operations, branches and for-flung business activities present a striking contrast tp those ancients bank which develop after men adopted copper, silver and gold coins as their money or medium of exchange Adrian (1980).
    Nigerian banking system however, started around 1886, and today the banking sector liberalization have now completed the process of usur ping the industry “Old generation” stalwarts, to the :new generation” (generally regarded as banks founded around 1989 to date). Nigeria today is having many banks in operation with branches all over the country including first city monument bank.

ROLE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL AUDITOR IN COMMERCIAL BANK

(A CASE STUDY OF KEYSTONE BANK IN BAUCHI)

An efficient and functional economy depends largely on strength of its financial system, in Nigeria, some government departments, ministries and prostates have adopted the role of internal and external auditor in commercial banks to execute and enhance control over their financial activities. Hence the research work is aimed at identifying the inadequacy associated with the traditional data processing method. In the light of the above, several extent literature, relates the inadequacies of the traditional system to slowness in processing large volume of data and vulnerability to human avoidance error. This call for the adoption to role of internal and external auditors adoption of which have to be helpful considering in meeting the above identified challenges, the variously suggested.

The work of an auditor is covered with checking the books of account and other relevant documents of an organization in order establish the creditability of the financial statements and reports. The examination, upon which the report is based, is known as audit.
There are two main types of an auditor. That is internal and external. Therefore, there is need to examine the bank books of account and other supporting documents of commercial bank by other internal and external auditor so as to safeguard the public funds and to protect error in the financial statement of account and other relevant documents.

THE IMPACT OF ETHICAL AND CODE OF CONDUCT IN REGULATING THE ACTIVITIES OF NIGERIAN ACCOUNTANTS

There is absolute need to know analysis, the impact ethics and code of conduct has on the activities of Nigerian accountants. The significance of ethics and code of conducts cannot be over emphasized to themselves as professionals able to abide by the ethics of their profession.
Various professions like doctor, nurse, engineers, lawyers, accountants, e.t.c have their own ethics which they are expected with and code of conduct which has to do with the way and manner in which they are expected to conduct themselves when discharging their professional duties, over the years, there had been cases of unethical practices on the part of professional accountants which has resulted in retrogression of the economic and financial sectors of the country.
The reason for the study was motivated due to traits of unethical practices when ranges from distressed bank which is caused by ethical abuse on the part of auditors, inflated contracts, falsification of financial statement with the sole aim of concealing fraud and embezzlement, breach of financial regulations and civil services rules.
The research work is desirable because with ethics and code of conduct both client and professionals will be protected; it will redeem the image of professionals conduct, improve quality of professional work and ensure consistency in performance.
The purpose of the study is aimed at improving the profile of the profession, motivate and inspire practitioners and to create awareness and consciousness on issues relating to ethic and code of conduct.

THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INCENTIVES ON WORKER’S PERFORMANCE

This research examines the “The impact of financial incentives on worker’s performance in an organisation” “(a case study of Federal Polytechnic Bauchi) the aim of this research way to determine impact of financial incentives in motivating workers’ in the organization. For the purpose of this study, questionnaires were administered to the staff of the polytechnic, tables and perceiving as were also used to analyze the data collected from the respondents. In the cause to analyze the data collected from the respondents. In the course of the research, it was discovered that the management offer financial incentives to the employees in order to improve their performance in the polytechnic. It was concluded that the important of financial incentives as a motivational not cannot be overload, it will be very difficult to operate successfully in an organization setting which comprises ofndifferent sets of people with different behaviours without including an incentive in order to bring the best out of the employees, so as to achive the overall goal of the organization.
It way recommended that the management should put more efforts on financial incentives, since its impact on workers performance is positive and the organization should also commence the periodic review on compensation policy in-order to encourage their worker’s in the organization.

THE ROLE OF BUDGETING AND PLANNING AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR CONTROLLING FUTURE EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIAN PRIVATE SECTOR

Budgeting as a control device help to control specific organizations expenditure and it helps to prevent waste. There are various types of budget in an organization. Budgeting and planning technique are used to control future expenditure in a dynamic profit making organization which calls for evaluation, reviewing and implementation of the technique used previously for efficiency and effective attainment of organization objective. Budget as a standard with which to measure the actual achievement of people, department, firm among others. This research work make use of both primary and secondary data to include questionnaire, interview, textbooks, and journals chi-square method of analyzing data was used in testing the budgeting and planning to serve as an affective controlling mechanism techniques, there has to be plan upon which budgeted expenditure are based. Government have a greater role to play in promoting budgeting and planning in ensuring that budgeting and planning are fully relevant at due course and have full control over budgeting and planning as control measure.

The background context of this research work is that many organization today operate meaningful, there has to be clear direction of where it is heading to or what it is aiming to achieve, the standard at which it require the result of these objectives and also mean of monitoring deviation from the standard required. These considerations can only be done through budgeting, planning as well as controlling.
The reason the researcher this project is for the researcher to have more knowledge about what budgeting and planning is talking about and also budgeting plays a very important role of controlling expenditure that is budgeting helps planning for the future. it serves as a control function through management by exception which is the assessment of performance managers work with that of top management in order to co-ordinate the activities of the organization. It also facilitate communication which is referred to as a tool of flow of ideas between top managers and low level managers, it also motivate the workers and help in making good decision.
planning is also a function of management and decision making process which deals with the establishment of a desirable of a desired profit, the preparation material, labour force, plant and machinery for anticipated velum of production and sales and creation of communication system which permits reporting and controlling actual result against pre-determined plans.
Furthermore, the researcher is desirable in the research work because it will also enlighten other researchers who will like to go on research about budgeting and planning in Nigeria private sector and also as a result of the important work played by budgeting and planning.

THE EFFECT OF SECURITY CHALLENGES ON THE NIGERIA ECONOMY, PROBLEM AND PROSPECT (A CASE STUDY OF JOS METROPOLIS)

This study “The Effect of Security Challenges” was carried out to look into the effect of the persistent security challenges in Nigeria. It aims to assess/ investigate/ evaluate the prevailing condition such as the Jos 2014 Bomb Blast and to look at the past situation and events. The population of 31 which was also used as sample size was drawn from Jos metropolis, 40 questionnaires was distributed and 31 was retuned, percentage and table were used for the understanding and interpretation of questionnaires. The major finding from the study as the researchers observed was that most of the respondent believed, Nigeria has lost so many investors due to insecurity and it is the duty of the Government to provide security to its citizens in other for its economy to grow. As a result the researchers recommended that the government should formulate and implement policies and programmes capable of addressing the insecurity in Nigeria such as poverty, unemployment etc. and also to enhance the quality of education in Nigeria.

Since the return of Nigeria to civil rule in 1999, security challenges have posed a serious threat to smooth governance reaching new height in 2013.
Security is a state of being or existence that is free from danger, fear, threat anxiety and uncertainty. Security transcends every facet of human endeavor. By implication security embraces the establishment of proactive and defensive measures to safe guard all persons, materials and information from every form of danger.
Nigeria security exists in two domain and these are the internal and external. The security of a country can be affected from within a considerable number of political, economic and social economy, intra and inter ethnic animosities, the issues of resource allocation, management of all act on the equilibrium of the nation economy.
The security challenges to the Nigeria from 2007 – 2013 have crippled the economy, loss of businesses, loss of business profit, lives and properties worth billions of Naira.
From 1990 – 2007 at the peak of militancy in Niger Delta, crude oil production which is the mainstay of the country went as low as 700,000 barons per dollar (bpd) against over 2 million bpd. These adversely affected Nigeria economies as the revenue accruable from oil dwindle.
The Jos crisis (in the north central) which started in 2001 – 2013 has also adversely affected the state economy. The revenue which is largely accrued from the taxes of individual business has witness the mass relocation of majority of the residence/people to another state which is more peaceful.
Kidnapping, ritual killing and armed robbery (2007-2013) that is more common in the south eastern part of the country has spread to other part of the country. This phenomenon is now regarded as the main security challenges confronting the nation. This has affected the economy of the eastern states which course many people to relocate to safer states.
In the north east, north central and north west, the Boko haram mayhem from 2009-2013 is one of the major concern of the Nigerian government. The notable attack carried out by the sect with constant loss of lives and billion naira worth of properties which includes; the Mogadishu Barrack bombing in Abuja December 2010, the police Headquarters bombing in Abuja in June 2011, the united nation bombing in Abuja in August 2011 and the various mass destruction of telecommunication in 2011-2012 in the north eastern Nigeria.
With all these security challenges in the country, has raised yet another critical question on the preparedness of the nation to attain desired vision 2020.

IMPACT OF AUTOMATED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON PAYROLL PREPARATION IN SOME SELECTED LARGE ORGANISATIONS

This research project is aimed at studying the impact of automated accounting system on the payroll preparation in large organisations selected from both Lagos and Ota.
In an attempt to study the impact of automated accounting system on payroll preparation; data were collected through administration of questionnaires to various large organisations located in Ota and Lagos. The data were analysed and average mean score were. The four hypotheses were tested using correlation co-efficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mean score and using goodness of fit test (chi-square).
The study showed that computerisation is an effective tool of communication and achievement of organisational goals; however majority of the respondents remained indifferent as to whether computerisation reduces the labour force. The result of the hypothesis tested also showed that application of modern computer packages may not necessarily bring permanent solution to accounting and payroll processing problems in organisations. The causes of errors, frauds and irregularities etc in many organisations had been traced to unscientific and/manual mode of processing accounting information. This has resulted, on many occasions to a substantial loss of return on investment. Finally, Conclusion was drawn and recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.

Business organisations, especially the large ones exit to carry out certain duties and responsibilities to their owners and those who have interest in them. One of the means by which they could achieve their aims and objectives involving paying particular attention to information needs of the parties they exist to serve, both internal and external.
Moreover, large business organisations normally have sizable number of employees on their payroll. Coupled with this fact, they have to pay much attention to certain things to make them operationally efficient; the main critical area now being considered is the ‘Time and Attendance Management’. Most companies are not really appreciating the losses that can occur without proper time and attendance accounting.

The question that arises here is, how does an organisation go about processing the information needed by internal and external parties in an efficient manner?
This is where the concept of “automation” comes in to play. This often denotes what has been otherwise called the electronic office, new office technology, the office of the future, computer aided office work etc.

Saturday, 29 July 2017

Accountancy Department Project Materials

Accountancy

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT AS A MANAGERIAL TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING

EFFECTIVENESS OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY

ENHANCING CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH EFFECTIVE AUDIT SYSTEM

MARKETING OF BANK SERVICES IN NIGERIA

BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL AS TOOLS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM AS A MEANS OF ENHANCING FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPORT COMPANY

AN ANALYSIS OF CREDIT MANAGEMENT IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY

DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR PENSION ADMINISTRATION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR

THE EFFECT OF TAX ADMINISTRATION ON REVENUE GENERATION IN ENUGU STATE

THE USE OF COMPUTER IN RECORDING ACCOUNTING INFORMATION, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS A STUDY OF BENDEL FEEDS AND FLOUR MILL, EWU, EDO STATE

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING IN NIGERIA FINANCIAL CONTROL SYSTEM

THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN THE CONTROL OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN NIGERIA

THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM ON THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF AN ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY PLC, ENUGU)

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF AUDITING IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL MORTGAGE BANK ENUGU STATE)

THE IMPACT OF CREDIT MANAGEMENT ON THE PROFITABILITY OF A MANUFACTURING FIRM

(A CASE STUDY OF UNILEVER PLC ABA, NIGERIA).

THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ON THE CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

[A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC]

TAX INCENTIVES CATALYST FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

THE IMPACT OF ACCOUNTANCY INFORMATION ON DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN NIGERIA

EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE)

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS.

(A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA)

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND MANUAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

A critical analysis on value for money audit on public sector of an organization.

AN ASSESSMENT OF COST PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN PRIVATIZED PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA.

AUTOMATED FORENSIC AUDITING AND FRAUD CONTROL IN NIGERIA

BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL AS TOOLS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

BUDGETING AS AN INSTRUMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL IN A MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATION

EFFECTSOF MISREPRESTATION OF INFORMATION IN A FINANCIAL SATTEMENT

EFFECT OF PUBLISIZED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ON SHAREHOLDERS INVESTMENT DECISIONS

EEFECTIVE INTERNAL AUDIT AS A PANACEA TO EFFICIENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADIMINISTRATION and Fraud control.

EFFECTS OF STANDARD COSTING ON THE PROFITABILITY OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES

EFFECTIVENESS OF PROFIT PLANNING IN NIGERIA ORGANISATION.

EFFECTS OF BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN EXTRACTING INDUSTRY.

EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

INVENTORY CONTROL AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR COST CONTROL IN AN ORGANISATION

INTERNAL CONTROL AS AN AID TO ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR.

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMME ON ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES.

EVALUATION OF FRAUD CONTROL MEASURES IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

FEDERALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

EVALUATION OF VALUE FOR MONEY AUDIT, AS A TOOL FOR FRAUD CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR (A STUDY OF POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA

FEDERALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

INTERNAL AUDIT AS A TOOL IN ACHIVING ORGANISATIONA OBJECTIVES

THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR.

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON THE NIGERIA MAUFACTURING SECTOR(1986-2010)

THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL AUDIT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE FIRM A STUDY OF ANAYLSIS

THE EFFECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA

RELEVANCE OF FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS IN THE APPRAISAL OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS

SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTERNAL AUDITOR’S ON THE EXAMINATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON THE NIGERIA MAUFACTURING SECTOR(1986-2010)

THE EFFECTS OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF NIGERIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

THE EFFECTS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

The effect of financial accounting reporting on managerial decision-making

THE EFFECTS OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY USING THE PROBIT MODEL

“The Effect of Internal Audit on the Performance of the Private Firm ”

THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANT TO COST CONTROL AND PROFIT PERFORMANCE IN AN ORGANIZATION

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR COST MINIMIZATION AND PROFIT MAXIMIZATION

THE ETHICS OF TAX EVASION; PERCEPTUAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN AKWA IBOM STATE

“The impact of accounting information on bank portfolio management

The impact of information technology in accounting system ,

The Influence of Accountant in the Implementation of best practice

THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF COMPANY INCOME TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA.

AN APPRAISAL OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN BANING INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECTS ON BANKS PROFITABILITY

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IN PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF STEYR NIGERIA LIMITED BAUCHI)

AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRIVATIZATION ON THE NIGERIA ECONOMY

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

IMPACT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ON PERFORMANCE IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST CITY MONUMENT BANK, BAUCHI STATE)

ROLE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL AUDITOR IN COMMERCIAL BANK

THE IMPACT OF ETHICAL AND CODE OF CONDUCT IN REGULATING THE ACTIVITIES OF NIGERIAN ACCOUNTANTS